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Table 4 Mean energy (Kcal) and selected nutrients intake in lactating women during the first 90 days of lactation and the controls 1

From: Evaluation of dietary intake of lactating women in China and its potential impact on the health of mothers and infants

 

Lactating women

Controls

 

RNI for lactating Women

2nd day (n = 199)

7th day (n = 195)

30th day (n = 196)

90th day (n = 173)

2RNI for normal women

(n = 58)

Energy (kcal)

2600

2152 ± 52b

2306 ± 49b

2282 ± 36b

2202 ± 28b

2300

1431 ± 54a

Protein (g)

85

118.2 ± 4.0bc

130.0 ± 3.2b

126.2 ± 2.7b

111.6 ± 2.0c

70

80.1 ± 3.5a

Fat (g)

57.8~86.73

80.9 ± 2.7b

94.8 ± 2.9c

96.8 ± 2.3c

102.5 ± 2.0c

51.1~76.73

64.3 ± 2.5a

Carbohydrate (g)

357.5~422.54

238.4 ± 8.9b

240.0 ± 8.2b

234.9 ± 5.8b

216.9 ± 3.8b

316.3~373.84

136.8 ± 6.8a

Dietary fiber (g)

30.2

8.2 ± 0.6a

10.4 ± 0.9ab

10.3 ± 0.5bc

14.0 ± 0.6d

30.2

7.8 ± 0.6ac

Vitamin A (ÎĽg RE5)

1200

1620 ± 173b

1304 ± 142bc

1146 ± 129cd

734 ± 60ad

700

255 ± 85a

Thiamine (mg)

1.8

1.5 ± 0.07b

1.5 ± 0.06b

1.6 ± 0.05b

1.7 ± 0.05b

1.3

1.2 ± 0.07a

Riboflavin (mg)

1.7

2.9 ± 0.17bd

3.2 ± 0.14b

2.7 ± 0.11bc

2.5 ± 0.11cd

1.2

1.3 ± 0.10a

Niacin (mg)

18

37.7 ± 1.84b

42.7 ± 1.48b

37.8 ± 1.10b

32.5 ± 0.75c

13

21.4 ± 0.85a

Vitamin C (mg)

130

59.1 ± 5.61a

68.7 ± 3.94ab

77.1 ± 4.09b

96.6 ± 4.44c

100

68.3 ± 3.98ab

Vitamin E (mg)

14

41.3 ± 1.36

45.0 ± 3.21

41.1 ± 1.12

40.4 ± 1.15

14

39.3 ± 0.84

Folate (ÎĽg DFE6)

500

441.6 ± 20.3b

455.2 ± 16.5b

470.0 ± 18.8b

441.1 ± 29.3b

400

286.8 ± 15.8a

Calcium (mg)

1200

428 ± 22a

454 ± 18a

595 ± 22b

544 ± 17b

800

404 ± 19a

Iron(mg)

25

34.7 ± 1.4b

37.7 ± 1.3b

34.8 ± 1.0b

30.0 ± 0.7c

20

21.6 ± 0.9a

Zinc (mg)

21.5

18.99 ± 0.79b

20.8 ± 0.77b

20.4 ± 0.59b

21.3 ± 0.59b

11.5

14.49 ± 0.68a

Selenium (ÎĽg)

65

145.3 ± 9.4bc

163.0 ± 7.3c

131.4 ± 5.8b

97.8 ± 4.6a

50

72.7 ± 5.8a

Iodine (ÎĽg)

200

162.2 ± 5.5b

220.7 ± 11.8c

214.6 ± 11.2c

248.3 ± 15.7c

150

200.3 ± 16.5bc

DHA (g)

 

0.24 ± 0.03ab

0.29 ± 0.03b

0.24 ± 0.02ab

0.17 ± 0.01a

 

0.13 ± 0.02a

  1. 1Values (mean ± SE) in the same row with different superscript letters (a, b, c, d) are significantly different, (P < 0.05 ~ 0.0001). Bonferroni adjustment for multiple comparisons of the lactating women compared with the control group of women (P < 0.01) and a repeated measures analysis of Greenhouse-Geisser adjustment for asphericity for 4 different time points comparison of the lactating women.
  2. 2RNI’s for control women are for a moderate level of physical activity.
  3. 3Conversion based on the Chinese RNI for fat providing 20%~30% of the total energy per day.
  4. 4Conversion based on the Chinese RNI for carbohydrate providing 55%~65% of the total energy per day.
  5. 5RE: retinol equivalent.
  6. 6DFE: dietary folic acid equivalent.