From: Intimate partner violence and mental health in Bolivia
 | Symptoms of depression | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Feels tired all the time | Â | Cries easily | Â | Difficulty doing daily activities | Â | Difficulty making decisions | Â | |
(1) | (2) | (1) | (2) | (1) | (2) | (1) | (2) | |
Unadjusted | Adjusted | Unadjusted | Adjusted | Unadjusted | Adjusted | Unadjusted | Adjusted | |
Percentage | Percentage | Percentage | Percentage | Percentage | Percentage | Percentage | Percentage | |
 | (CI) | (CI) | (CI) | (CI) | (CI) | (CI) | (CI) | (CI) |
Intimate partner violence | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  No abuse (reference) | 49.8 | 49.9 | 72.1 | 72.7 | 28.0 | 28.0 | 42.1 | 42.7 |
(48.1-51.6) | (48.2-51.6) | (70.6-73.7) | (71.2-74.2) | (26.3-29.7) | (26.4-29.7) | (40.3-43.8) | (41.0-44.4) | |
  Psychol. abuse only | 55.9*** | 57.5*** | 74.6 | 74.2 | 33.6*** | 34.0*** | 50.8*** | 50.8*** |
(53.6-58.3) | (55.2-59.8) | (72.2-77.0) | (71.8-76.6) | (31.3-35.9) | (31.7-36.3) | (48.2-53.3) | (48.2-53.4) | |
  Physical abuse (no sexual) | 56.3*** | 55.5** | 79.4*** | 78.6*** | 34.1*** | 34.1*** | 51.9*** | 50.7*** |
(53.6-58.9) | (52.9-58.1) | (77.1-81.7) | (76.3-80.9) | (31.4-36.7) | (31.4-36.8) | (49.1-54.7) | (47.9-53.6) | |
  Sexual abuse¥ | 68.3*** | 66.4*** | 86.3*** | 85.9*** | 43.8*** | 42.4*** | 63.8*** | 62.4*** |
(64.0-72.5) | (62.2-70.6) | (83.1-89.6) | (82.4-89.3) | (39.0-48.7) | (37.6-47.1) | (59.5-68.2) | (58.2-66.6) | |
Respondent experienced physical abuse in childhood | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  No (reference) |  | 52.3 |  | 72.1 |  | 31.0 |  | 45.9 |
 | (50.1-54.5) |  | (70.1-74.0) |  | (28.7-33.3) |  | (43.5-48.3) | |
  Yes |  | 54.3 |  | 76.2*** |  | 31.6 |  | 47.9 |
 | (52.9-55.7) |  | (75.0-77.5) |  | (30.2-33.1) |  | (46.4-49.4) | |
Respondent experienced psychological abuse in childhood | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  No (reference) |  | 55.4 |  | 75.7 |  | 31.9 |  | 48.7 |
 | (54.0-56.9) |  | (74.3-77.1) |  | (30.2-33.6) |  | (47.0-50.3) | |
  Yes |  | 51.4** |  | 74.1 |  | 30.8 |  | 45.6* |
 | (49.5-53.4) |  | (72.4-75.8) |  | (29.0-32.7) |  | (43.5-47.6) | |
Respondent reports father beat mother | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  No (reference) |  | 53.3 |  | 73.2 |  | 30.9 |  | 44.1 |
 | (51.5-55.1) |  | (71.6-74.8) |  | (29.3-32.5) |  | (42.3-45.9) | |
  Yes/Don’t know |  | 54.1 |  | 76.7** |  | 31.9 |  | 50.1*** |
 | (52.4-55.8) |  | (75.3-78.0) |  | (30.2-33.6) |  | (48.4-51.8) | |
Region | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  La Paz (reference) |  | 62.3 |  | 78.9 |  | 34.6 |  | 51.8 |
 | (59.8-64.7) |  | (76.6-81.2) |  | (31.9-37.4) |  | (49.3-54.3) | |
  Chuquisaca |  | 44.8*** |  | 80.2 |  | 24.8*** |  | 48.3 |
 | (39.6-50.0) |  | (77.3-83.0) |  | (20.6-29.0) |  | (44.3-52.3) | |
  Cochabamba |  | 57.8* |  | 77.0 |  | 35.6 |  | 47.0* |
 | (54.8-60.9) |  | (74.7-79.4) |  | (32.3-39.0) |  | (43.7-50.4) | |
  Oruro |  | 49.0*** |  | 73.5** |  | 27.2** |  | 47.3* |
 | (45.3-52.6) |  | (70.2-76.8) |  | (23.5-31.0) |  | (43.5-51.0) | |
  Potosà |  | 54.5*** |  | 65.3*** |  | 27.4** |  | 43.8** |
 | (51.0-57.9) |  | (61.6-68.9) |  | (23.6-31.3) |  | (38.5-49.1) | |
  Tarija |  | 53.1*** |  | 73.7* |  | 38.1 |  | 55.2 |
 | (49.6-56.6) |  | (70.2-77.2) |  | (34.9-41.3) |  | (51.6-58.7) | |
  Santa Cruz |  | 45.9*** |  | 73.2** |  | 28.8** |  | 44.0*** |
 | (43.1-48.7) |  | (70.6-75.9) |  | (26.3-31.4) |  | (41.8-46.2) | |
  Beni |  | 33.9*** |  | 70.5*** |  | 21.3*** |  | 32.3*** |
 | (28.1-39.6) |  | (66.8-74.1) |  | (17.5-25.1) |  | (27.0-37.6) | |
  Pando |  | 54.2** |  | 66.8*** |  | 31.3 |  | 46.5 |
 | (48.8-59.5) |  | (61.9-71.8) |  | (26.4-36.2) |  | (39.4-53.5) | |
Residence | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  Urban (reference) |  | 54.6 |  | 75.1 |  | 31.5 |  | 47.4 |
 | (52.5-56.6) |  | (73.4-76.9) |  | (29.4-33.5) |  | (45.3-49.4) | |
  Rural |  | 52.4 |  | 74.8 |  | 31.4 |  | 47.3 |
 | (49.5-55.3) |  | (72.5-77.2) |  | (28.5-34.3) |  | (46.2-50.4) | |
Education | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  None (reference) |  | 57.7 |  | 76.2 |  | 34.0 |  | 45.3 |
 | (52.1-63.3) |  | (71.3-81.2) |  | (28.9-39.2) |  | (39.6-51.0) | |
  Primary |  | 57.8 |  | 74.4 |  | 33.5 |  | 49.7 |
 | (55.7-59.9) |  | (72.5-76.3) |  | (31.6-35.5) |  | (44.1-48.9) | |
  Secondary |  | 50.2* |  | 77.2 |  | 28.9 |  | 47.7 |
 | (47.6-52.9) |  | (74.9-79.4) |  | (26.4-31.4) |  | (45.0-50.4) | |
  Higher |  | 44.1** |  | 72.4 |  | 26.9 |  | 38.3 |
 | (39.4-48.9) |  | (68.2-76.7) |  | (22.8-31.0) |  | (33.5-43.1) | |
SES | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  First quintile (reference) |  | 57.4 |  | 72.6 |  | 30.4 |  | 45.1 |
 | (53.1-61.7) |  | (69.2-76.1) |  | (26.6-34.2) |  | (41.0-49.2) | |
  Second quintile |  | 55.2 |  | 74.4 |  | 34.1 |  | 46.6 |
 | (51.7-58.8) |  | (71.6-77.3) |  | (30.8-37.3) |  | (43.6-49.7) | |
  Third quintile |  | 55.7 |  | 75.9 |  | 35.3 |  | 50.0 |
 | (53.0-58.3) |  | (73.6-78.3) |  | (32.4-38.1) |  | (47.3-52.6) | |
  Fourth quintile |  | 53.1 |  | 78.4* |  | 33.0 |  | 50.6 |
 | (50.2-56.1) |  | (75.8-80.9) |  | (30.0-36.0) |  | (47.5-53.8) | |
  Fifth quintile |  | 47.4** |  | 73.2 |  | 23.6* |  | 43.4 |
 | (43.5-51.2) |  | (69.9-76.6) |  | (20.2-26.9) |  | (39.9-47.0) | |
Work status | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  Not working (reference) |  | 51.6 |  | 75.1 |  | 29.8 |  | 46.5 |
 | (49.5-53.7) |  | (73.3-76.9) |  | (27.8-31.8) |  | (44.3-48.6) | |
  Working |  | 54.8 |  | 75.0 |  | 32.3 |  | 47.8 |
 | (53.3-56.3) |  | (73.6-76.3) |  | (30.7-33.8) |  | (46.3-49.3) | |
Age | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  15-24 (reference) |  | 48.1 |  | 72.0 |  | 27.9 |  | 49.2 |
 | (43.8-52.3) |  | (67.7-76.2) |  | (23.9-32.0) |  | (44.6-53.8) | |
  25-34 |  | 52.1 |  | 74.5 |  | 30.3 |  | 46.5 |
 | (50.0-54.3) |  | (72.5-76.6) |  | (28.2-32.5) |  | (44.1-48.9) | |
  35-44 |  | 56.6** |  | 75.8 |  | 32.7 |  | 46.3 |
 | (53.9-59.3) |  | (73.4-78.1) |  | (30.0-35.3) |  | (43.6-49.1) | |
  45-49 |  | 59.5** |  | 78.5 |  | 36.4* |  | 50.0 |
 | (55.0-63.9) |  | (74.5-82.5) |  | (31.6-41.1) |  | (44.8-55.3) | |
Marital status | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  Married (reference) |  | 54.8 |  | 75.2 |  | 30.9 |  | 46.8 |
 | (53.3-56.4) |  | (73.8-76.7) |  | (29.4-32.5) |  | (45.2-48.4) | |
  Cohabiting |  | 51.9* |  | 75.0 |  | 32.4 |  | 48.3 |
 | (49.8-54.1) |  | (72.5-76.7) |  | (30.3-34.4) |  | (46.2-50.4) | |
Partner’s age |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  14-24 (reference) |  | 54.1 |  | 76.6 |  | 32.4 |  | 48.0 |
 | (48.7-59.5) |  | (72.2-80.9) |  | (27.4-37.4) |  | (42.4-53.6) | |
  25-34 |  | 54.0 |  | 76.2 |  | 28.4 |  | 46.2 |
 | (51.4-56.6) |  | (74.0-78.5) |  | (25.8-31.0) |  | (43.5-49.0) | |
  35-44 |  | 53.5 |  | 74.0 |  | 31.7 |  | 48.4 |
 | (51.4-55.7) |  | (71.9-76.1) |  | (29.6-33.9) |  | (46.0-50.8) | |
  45+ |  | 53.5 |  | 73.9 |  | 35.2 |  | 47.1 |
 | (49.6-57.4) |  | (70.2-77.7) |  | (31.4-39.0) |  | (42.9-51.3) | |
Partner’s age, relative to respondent |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  Same age or younger (ref.) |  | 55.4 |  | 76.7 |  | 33.2 |  | 47.7 |
 | (52.8-58.0) |  | (74.5-78.8) |  | (30.8-35.6) |  | (45.2-50.2) | |
  1-5 yrs. older |  | 53.1 |  | 74.2 |  | 31.2 |  | 47.2 |
 | (51.4-54.7) |  | (72.5-75.8) |  | (29.5-33.0) |  | (45.4-49.0) | |
  6+ yrs. older |  | 53.1 |  | 74.7 |  | 29.9 |  | 47.1 |
 | (50.4-55.7) |  | (72.4-77.0) |  | (27.4-32.4) |  | (44.5-49.8) | |
Partner’s education |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  None (reference) |  | 52.6 |  | 75.4 |  | 20.3 |  | 41.7 |
 | (42.9-62.4) |  | (67.8-82.9) |  | (12.5-28.0) |  | (32.4-51.0) | |
  Primary |  | 55.7 |  | 75.4 |  | 32.0** |  | 47.1 |
 | (53.3-58.1) |  | (73.3-77.5) |  | (29.9-34.2) |  | (44.7-49.6) | |
  Secondary |  | 55.0 |  | 75.2 |  | 32.1* |  | 49.3 |
 | (52.9-57.2) |  | (73.2-77.3) |  | (30.2-34.0) |  | (47.2-51.5) | |
  Higher |  | 46.6 |  | 73.8 |  | 29.6 |  | 44.3 |
 | (42.5-50.6) |  | (70.4-77.2) |  | (26.0-33.2) |  | (40.3-48.3) | |
Education difference between partners | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  Wife is more educated (ref.) |  | 53.5 |  | 73.9 |  | 31.1 |  | 46.5 |
 | (50.7-56.3) |  | (71.2-76.5) |  | (28.4-33.8) |  | (43.4-49.5) | |
  Same level of education |  | 50.3 |  | 73.9 |  | 29.0 |  | 46.1 |
 | (47.7-52.9) |  | (71.4-76.4) |  | (26.7-31.2) |  | (43.7-48.6) | |
  Husband is more educated |  | 55.3 |  | 73.8 |  | 32.6 |  | 48.2 |
 |  | (53.4-57.2) |  | (74.3-77.6) |  | (30.7-34.5) |  | (46.2-50.1) |