Table 5 Factors affecting maternal and neonatal service usage, ordered by service type and outcome

Choulagai et al. (2013) [16], Nepal

SBA usage

 Informally educated

 Educated intermediate and above

OR 1.18 (CI0.92–1.51), p < 0.05

OR 4.41 (CI2.89–6.72), p < 0.05

 Q2 (poorer)

 Q5 (wealthiest)

OR 1.08 (CI 0.81–1.43), p < 0.05

OR 1.90 (CI 1.42–2.56), p < 0.05

 Knowledge of at least one danger sign

OR 1.31 (CI 1.08–1.58), p < 0.05

 Staying ≤ 30 min from facility

OR 1.31 (CI 1.08–1.58), p < 0.05

  ≥ 4 ANC visits

OR 2.39 (CI 1.97–2.89), p < 0.05

Mayhew et al. (2008) [20], Nepal

SBA usage

 Q2 (poorer)

 Q5 (wealthiest)

OR 1.6 (CI 1.2–2.3), p < 0.01

OR 6.3 (CI 4.4–8.9), p < 0.01

 Walking distance to clinic (31–60 min)

 Walking distance to clinic (>90 min)

OR 0.7 (CI 0.6–0.8), p < 0.01

OR 0.4 (CI 0.3–0.6), p < 0.01

 Formally educated

OR 3.8 (CI 3.2–4.5), P < 0.05

 Earlier been to this health facility

OR 1.7 (CI 1.3–2.1), p < 0.05

 At least some basic EmONC equipment in facility

OR 1.0 (CI 0.7–1.3), p < 0.05

  ≥ 1 Community health worker in catchment area

OR 0.7 (CI 0.6–0.95), p < 0.05

  ≥ 1 female TBA in catchment area

OR 1.3 (CI 1.0–1.7), p < 0.05

  ≥ 1 female doctor or midwife at health facility

OR 1.4 (CI 1.1–1.8), p < 0.05

 User fees collected in facility

OR 0.8 (CI 0.6–0.96), p < 0.05

 Antenatal care provided in facility

OR 1.1 (CI 0.8–1.5), p < 0.05

Siziya et al. (2009) [29], Iraq

TBA usage

 Q2 (poorer)

 Q4 (wealthier)

OR 2.90 (CI 2.49–3.39), p < 0.05

OR 0.79 (CI 0.65–0.96), p < 0.05

 Women aged 25–34 years

AOR 1.22 (CI 1.08–1.39), p < 0.05

 Formally educated

OR 1.08 (CI 0.96–1.22), p < 0.05

 Having 1–2 children

AOR 0.72 (CI 0.59–0.87), p < 0.05

Dhakal et al. (2011) [18], Nepal

FBD

 25+ years

 20–24 years

OR1.38 (CI 0.34–5.55), p < 0.001

OR 2.67 (CI 0.70–10.19), p < 0.001

 Housewife

 Working women

OR 4.77 (CI 2.16–10.54), p < 0.001

OR 5.80 (CI 0.91–36.84), p < 0.001

 Educated up to primary level

 Educated to secondary and above

OR 2.29 (CI 0.82–6.37), p < 0.001

OR 16.59 (CI 6.27–43.80), p < 0.001

  ≥ 1 ANC visit

OR 20.0 (CI 2.64–151.51), p < 0.001

Giacaman et al. (2006) [33], Palestine

FBD

 Avoiding public facilities due to dissatisfaction

OR 2.77 (CI 1.89–4.05), p < 0.001

 Insurance or low cost for opting facility

OR 5.83 (CI 3.96–8.59), p < 0.001

Karkee et al. (2013) [19], Nepal

FBD

 Educated up to primary level

 Educated to higher-secondary or above

AOR 3.57 (CI 1.60–7.94), p < 0.001

AOR 12.39 (CI 5.09–30.2), p < 0.001

  ≥ 4 ANC visits

AOR 2.15 (CI 1.25–3.69), p < 0.005

  ≤ 30 min

 31–60 min

OR 11.61 (CI 5.77–24.0), p < 0.001

AOR 1.72 (CI 0.93–3.19), p < 0.001

Sharma et al. (2014) [21], Nepal

FBD

 Formally educated

OR 2.8 (CI 1.58–4.97), p < 0.001

  < 60 min to facility

OR 3.12 (CI 1.61–0.04), p < 0.001

 Had antenatal visits

OR 5.82 (CI 2.95–11.5), p < 0.001

Shrestha et al. (2012) [22], Nepal

FBD

 Residing in remote area

OR 2.81 (CI1.08–7.30), p < 0.05

 Newer community

OR 2.56 (CI 1.19–5.55), p < 0.05

 Formally educated

OR 2.66 (CI 1.18–6.01), p < 0.05

 No ANC visits

OR 5.53 (CI 2.12–14.4), p < 0.05

Hirose et al. (2011) [24], Afghanistan

Delay in seeking EmONC

 Lack of ANC

AOR 4.6 (CI 1.7–12.2), p < 0.05

 Usage of traditional healer

 Weak relationship with her birth family

 No plan to use health facility for delivery

AOR 3.2 (CI 1.2–8.5), p < 0.05

AOR 2.0 (CI 0.9–4.4), p < 0.05

AOR 2.0 ( CI 0.9–4.2), P < 0.05

 Absence of a midwife

AOR 2.2 (CI 1.1–4.5), p < 0.05

Khorrami et al. (2008) [25], Afghanistan

Timely EmONC usage

  < 100 miles

  ≥ 100 miles

N = 249 (85.3%)

N = 43 (14.7%)

 Automobile

 Bus

N = 192 (65.8%)

N = 97 (33.2%)

 Yes

 No

N = 38 (30.7%)

N = 86 (69.4%)

Safety felt about care at this hospital

 Moderately safe

 Mildly safe

N = 100 (34.4%)

N = 177 (60.8%)