Table 2 Characteristics of study population by number of parity category

n (%)

820 (12.6)

4236 (65.2)

981 (15.1)

458 (7.1)

Urinary ACR (mg/g)

8.0 (5.8–11.5)

8.0 (5.8–11.2)

8.6 (6.3–11.9) ^{#, &}

9.3 (6.4–13.1) ^{#, &}

Age (years)

54.3 ± 7.1^#

53.4 ± 5.6 ^&

58.1 ± 8.7 ^{#, &}

65.3 ± 10.9 ^{#, &}

BMI (kg/m²)

23.2 ± 3.2

23.4 ± 3.4

24.1 ± 3.2 ^{#, &}

24.6 ± 3.8 ^{#, &}

WC (cm)

79.3 ± 10.0

79.3 ± 8.6

82.3 ± 9.1 ^{#, &}

84.8 ± 9.4 ^{#, &}

SBP (mmHg)

123.6 ± 15.3

123.0 ± 15.6

127.0 ± 16.0 ^{#, &}

131.8 ± 17.1 ^{#, &}

DBP (mmHg)

74.1 ± 9.1

73.8 ± 9.4

74.6 ± 9.5

74.6 ± 9.7

Current smoking [n (%)]

21 (2.8) ^#

37 (0.9) ^&

11 (1.1) ^&

9 (2.0) ^#

Current drinking [n (%)]

14 (2.0) ^#

45 (1.1) ^&

16 (1.7)

6 (1.3)

TG (mmol/L)

1.25 (0.92–1.78) ^#

1.18 (0.87–1.69) ^&

1.28 (0.97–1.84) ^#

1.43 (0.99–1.99) ^{#, &}

TC (mmol/L)

5.43 ± 1.24 ^#

5.24 ± 1.27 ^&

5.25 ± 1.27 ^&

5.22 ± 1.26 ^&

HDL-C (mmol/L)

1.42 ± 0.36

1.39 ± 0.37

1.36 ± 0.35 ^&

1.28 ± 0.35 ^{#, &}

LDL-C (mmol/L)

3.26 ± 0.97 ^#

3.15 ± 0.98 ^&

3.16 ± 0.96

3.15 ± 0.95

FPG (mmol/L)

5.35 (4.94–5.82)

5.35 (4.95–5.80)

5.50 (5.07–6.00) ^{#, &}

5.60 (5.13–6.09) ^{#, &}

Fasting insulin (μIU/ml)

7.10 (5.10–9.85)

7.10 (5.20–9.70)

7.80 (5.80–10.8) ^{#, &}

8.20 (5.90–11.1) ^{#, &}

γ-GGT (U/L)

18.0 (14.0–26.0) ^#

17.0 (13.0–24.0) ^&

19.0 (14.0–27.0) ^#

19.0 (14.0–26.0) ^#

eGFR (ml/min per 1.73 m²)

103.2 ± 23.0 ^#

106.0 ± 23.2 ^&

102.3 ± 20.8 ^#

96.9 ± 22.2 ^{#, &}

Physical activity (MET-h/week)

10.5 (0.0–36.0)

24.8 (11.8–49.0)

28.0 (12.0–49.0)

21.0 (10.5–42.0) ^#

Prior history of CVD [n (%)]

14 (1.7)

81 (1.9)

48 (4.9) ^{#, &}

42 (9.7) ^{#, &}

High school or higher education [n (%)]

463 (70.6)

2902 (69.2)

379 (39.2) ^{#, &}

60 (13.3) ^{#, &}

Spontaneous abortion [n (%)]

27 (3.3) ^#

265 (6.3) ^&

73 (7.4) ^&

57 (12.5) ^{#, &}

Menopause [n (%)]

139 (25.5)

1111 (26.6)

189 (19.5) ^{#, &}

54 (11.8) ^{#, &}