Table 3 Background characteristics of the study participants according to HEI category

Age (years)

56.41 ± 5.31

56.78 ± 5.34

56.43 ± 5.36

56.22 ± 5.12

55.91 ± 5.35

0.292^**

Residency, n (%)

 Urban

508(50.20)

102 (28.73)

117 (46.70)

128 (64.00)

159 (78.33)

< 0.001

 Rural

504(49.80)

253 (71.27)

133 (53.20)

72 (36.00)

44 (21.67)

Marital status, n (%)

 Married

802(79.25)

275 (77.46)

202 (80.80)

173 (86.50)

149 (73.40)

0.060

 Single

7(0.69)

2 (0.56)

1 (0.40)

3 (1.50)

1 (0.49)

Divorced and other

203(20.06)

80 (21.98)

47 (18.80)

24 (12.00)

53 (26.11)

Socio-economic status, n (%)

 Weak

410(40.55)

194 (54.65)

100 (40.00)

59 (29.50)

57 (27.23)

< 0.001

 Moderate

239(23.64)

78 (21.97)

60 (24.00)

55 (27.50)

46 (22.77)

 Good

362(35.81)

88 (23.37)

90 (36.00)

86 (43.00)

101 (50.00)

Physical activity (Met h/day)

 Low

283(27.96)

97 (27.32)

67 (26.80)

64 (32.00)

54 (26.60)

0.091^**

 Moderate

595(58.79)

200 (56.34)

146 (58.40)

118 (59.00)

130 (64.04)

 High

134(13.24)

58 (16.34)

37 (14.80)

18 (9.00)

19 (9.36)

Current smoker, n (%)

37(3.70)

21 (5.93)

7 (2.87)

4 (2.01)

5 (2.48)

0.282^**

Alcohol use, n (%)

0

0

0

0

0

Body Mass Index, kg/m²

27.59 ± 4.84

26.70 ± 5.11

27.27 ± 4.66

28.30 ± 4.72

28.77 ± 4.33

< 0.001**

Waist Hip Ratio

0.94 ± 0.059

0.93 ± 0.65

0.94 ± 0.055

0.95 ± 0.055

0.95 ± 0.055

< 0.001

Waist Circumference, cm

98.03 ± 10.92

96.61 ± 12.21

97.81 ± 9.56

99.13 ± 10.96

99.66 ± 9.86

0.005

Skeletal Muscle Mass, kg

20.90 ± 2.90

20.52 ± 3.13

20.75 ± 2.67

21.02 ± 2.72

21.61 ± 2.80

0.0002

Bone Mineral

2.12 ± 0.25

2.09 ± 0.27

2.11 ± 0.24

2.12 ± 0.24

2.18 ± 0.25

0.0009

Hormone replacement therapy

5 (0.50)

0 (0)

1 (0.4)

2 (1.0)

2 (1.0)

0.280^**