Table 1 Table showing demographic, socio-economic and obstetrical characteristics of cases and controls with preeclampsia (PE) among women in maternity hospitals of Karachi and Rawalpindi (January 2006-December 2007)
Variables | Cases (131) n (%) | Controls (262) n (%) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
Parity | Â | Â | Â |
Nulliparous women | 64 (48.9) | 130 (49.6) | 0.915 |
Parous women | 67 (51.1) | 132 (50.4) | Â |
Mean maternal age (years) | Â | Â | Â |
≤ 18 | 5 (3.8) | 12 (4.6) | 0.935 |
19-34 | 114 (87.0) | 226 (86.6) | Â |
≥ 35 | 12 (9.2) | 23 (8.8) |  |
Age at menarche | 13.0 ± 1.2 | 13.0 ± 1.3 | 0.476 |
Maternal Smoking | 5 (3.8) | 16 (6.1) | 0.42 |
Maternal education | Â | Â | Â |
Less than 8 years | 41 (31.3) | 69 (27.2) | 0.696 |
8-12years | 64 (48.9) | 131 (51.6) | Â |
More than 12 years | 26 (19.8) | 54 (21.3) | Â |
Ownership Status | Â | Â | Â |
Owned | 91 (69.5) | 160 (61.1) | 0.102 |
Rented | 40 (30.5) | 102 (38.9) | Â |
Number of rooms in household | Â | Â | Â |
≤ 3 | 73 (55.7) | 145 (55.3) | 0.943 |
> 3 | 58 (44.3) | 117 (44.7) | Â |
Mean number of household members | Â | Â | Â |
≤ 6 | 63 (48.1) | 147 (56.1) | 0.133 |
>6 | 68 (51.9) | 115 (43.9) | Â |
Husband's occupation | Â | Â | Â |
Private job | 42 (32.1) | 98 (37.4) | 0.296 |
Government job | 50 (38.2) | 108 (41.2) | Â |
Business | 29 (22.1) | 44 (16.8) | Â |
Others | 10 (7.6) | 12 (4.6) | Â |
Monthly household income | Â | Â | Â |
>10000 | 45 (34.4) | 118 (45.2) | 0.034 |
4001-10000 | 65 (49.6) | 120 (46.0) | Â |
≤ 4000 | 21 (16.0) | 23 (8.8) |  |
Gestational diabetes | 16 (12.4) | 05 (1.9) | < 0.001 |
Urinary tract infection | 39 (31.0) | 47 (18.5) | 0.006 |
Pregestational Diabetes Mellitus | 07 (5.6) | 02 (0.8) | 0.004 |
Family History of DM | 56 (43.8) | 75 (29.6) | 0.006 |
Family History of Hypertension | 76 (58.9) | 100 (38.5) | < 0.001 |
Perceived Stress Score* | 22 ± 6.1 | 20 ± 6.2 | 0.002 |
Husband's Age* | 33.5 ± 12.9 | 33.5 ± 13.5 | 0.981 |
Condom use around the time of conception | 17 (13.5) | 34 (13.7) | 0.954 |
Height* (centimeters) | 150.8 ± 22.3 | 149.5 ± 23.5 | 0.592 |
Weight*(kilograms) | 57.3 ± 15.8 | 55.0 ± 12.2 | 0.002 |
BMI‡ |  |  |  |
<18.5 | 18 (13.7) | 37 (14.1) | 0.502 |
18.5-24.9 | 78 (59.5) | 171 (65.3) | Â |
25-29.9 | 23 (17.6) | 39 (14.9) | Â |
≥ 30 | 12 (9.2) | 15 (5.7) |  |
Gestational age* (weeks) | 36.2 ± 2.2 | 37.0 ± 1.2 | <0.001 |
Blood Group | Â | Â | Â |
A+/A- | 30 (24) | 47 (18.4) | 0.326 |
B+/B- | 42 (33.6) | 75 (29.4) | Â |
AB+/AB- | 11 (8.8) | 30 (11.8) | Â |
O+/O- | 42 (33.6) | 103 (40.4) | Â |
Rh Factor positive | 120 (96) | 231 (90.6) | 0.067 |
Rh factor negative | 5 (4) | 24 (9.4) | Â |
Sex of Baby | Â | Â | Â |
Male | 77 (61.1) | 151 (58.5) | 0.628 |
Female | 49 (38.9) | 107 (41.5) | Â |