Table 2 Unadjusted and adjusted percentage of women experiencing various symptoms of depression, by exposure to intimate partner violence, socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of the respondent, partner’s characteristics, and exposure to domestic abuse in the parental household

Intimate partner violence

  No abuse (reference)

49.8

49.9

72.1

72.7

28.0

28.0

42.1

42.7

(48.1-51.6)

(48.2-51.6)

(70.6-73.7)

(71.2-74.2)

(26.3-29.7)

(26.4-29.7)

(40.3-43.8)

(41.0-44.4)

  Psychol. abuse only

55.9***

57.5***

74.6

74.2

33.6***

34.0***

50.8***

50.8***

(53.6-58.3)

(55.2-59.8)

(72.2-77.0)

(71.8-76.6)

(31.3-35.9)

(31.7-36.3)

(48.2-53.3)

(48.2-53.4)

  Physical abuse (no sexual)

56.3***

55.5**

79.4***

78.6***

34.1***

34.1***

51.9***

50.7***

(53.6-58.9)

(52.9-58.1)

(77.1-81.7)

(76.3-80.9)

(31.4-36.7)

(31.4-36.8)

(49.1-54.7)

(47.9-53.6)

  Sexual abuse¥

68.3***

66.4***

86.3***

85.9***

43.8***

42.4***

63.8***

62.4***

(64.0-72.5)

(62.2-70.6)

(83.1-89.6)

(82.4-89.3)

(39.0-48.7)

(37.6-47.1)

(59.5-68.2)

(58.2-66.6)

Respondent experienced physical abuse in childhood

  No (reference)

52.3

72.1

31.0

45.9

(50.1-54.5)

(70.1-74.0)

(28.7-33.3)

(43.5-48.3)

  Yes

54.3

76.2***

31.6

47.9

(52.9-55.7)

(75.0-77.5)

(30.2-33.1)

(46.4-49.4)

Respondent experienced psychological abuse in childhood

  No (reference)

55.4

75.7

31.9

48.7

(54.0-56.9)

(74.3-77.1)

(30.2-33.6)

(47.0-50.3)

  Yes

51.4**

74.1

30.8

45.6*

(49.5-53.4)

(72.4-75.8)

(29.0-32.7)

(43.5-47.6)

Respondent reports father beat mother

  No (reference)

53.3

73.2

30.9

44.1

(51.5-55.1)

(71.6-74.8)

(29.3-32.5)

(42.3-45.9)

  Yes/Don’t know

54.1

76.7**

31.9

50.1***

(52.4-55.8)

(75.3-78.0)

(30.2-33.6)

(48.4-51.8)

Region

  La Paz (reference)

62.3

78.9

34.6

51.8

(59.8-64.7)

(76.6-81.2)

(31.9-37.4)

(49.3-54.3)

  Chuquisaca

44.8***

80.2

24.8***

48.3

(39.6-50.0)

(77.3-83.0)

(20.6-29.0)

(44.3-52.3)

  Cochabamba

57.8*

77.0

35.6

47.0*

(54.8-60.9)

(74.7-79.4)

(32.3-39.0)

(43.7-50.4)

  Oruro

49.0***

73.5**

27.2**

47.3*

(45.3-52.6)

(70.2-76.8)

(23.5-31.0)

(43.5-51.0)

  Potosí

54.5***

65.3***

27.4**

43.8**

(51.0-57.9)

(61.6-68.9)

(23.6-31.3)

(38.5-49.1)

  Tarija

53.1***

73.7*

38.1

55.2

(49.6-56.6)

(70.2-77.2)

(34.9-41.3)

(51.6-58.7)

  Santa Cruz

45.9***

73.2**

28.8**

44.0***

(43.1-48.7)

(70.6-75.9)

(26.3-31.4)

(41.8-46.2)

  Beni

33.9***

70.5***

21.3***

32.3***

(28.1-39.6)

(66.8-74.1)

(17.5-25.1)

(27.0-37.6)

  Pando

54.2**

66.8***

31.3

46.5

(48.8-59.5)

(61.9-71.8)

(26.4-36.2)

(39.4-53.5)

Residence

  Urban (reference)

54.6

75.1

31.5

47.4

(52.5-56.6)

(73.4-76.9)

(29.4-33.5)

(45.3-49.4)

  Rural

52.4

74.8

31.4

47.3

(49.5-55.3)

(72.5-77.2)

(28.5-34.3)

(46.2-50.4)

Education

  None (reference)

57.7

76.2

34.0

45.3

(52.1-63.3)

(71.3-81.2)

(28.9-39.2)

(39.6-51.0)

  Primary

57.8

74.4

33.5

49.7

(55.7-59.9)

(72.5-76.3)

(31.6-35.5)

(44.1-48.9)

  Secondary

50.2*

77.2

28.9

47.7

(47.6-52.9)

(74.9-79.4)

(26.4-31.4)

(45.0-50.4)

  Higher

44.1**

72.4

26.9

38.3

(39.4-48.9)

(68.2-76.7)

(22.8-31.0)

(33.5-43.1)

SES

  First quintile (reference)

57.4

72.6

30.4

45.1

(53.1-61.7)

(69.2-76.1)

(26.6-34.2)

(41.0-49.2)

  Second quintile

55.2

74.4

34.1

46.6

(51.7-58.8)

(71.6-77.3)

(30.8-37.3)

(43.6-49.7)

  Third quintile

55.7

75.9

35.3

50.0

(53.0-58.3)

(73.6-78.3)

(32.4-38.1)

(47.3-52.6)

  Fourth quintile

53.1

78.4*

33.0

50.6

(50.2-56.1)

(75.8-80.9)

(30.0-36.0)

(47.5-53.8)

  Fifth quintile

47.4**

73.2

23.6*

43.4

(43.5-51.2)

(69.9-76.6)

(20.2-26.9)

(39.9-47.0)

Work status

  Not working (reference)

51.6

75.1

29.8

46.5

(49.5-53.7)

(73.3-76.9)

(27.8-31.8)

(44.3-48.6)

  Working

54.8

75.0

32.3

47.8

(53.3-56.3)

(73.6-76.3)

(30.7-33.8)

(46.3-49.3)

Age

  15-24 (reference)

48.1

72.0

27.9

49.2

(43.8-52.3)

(67.7-76.2)

(23.9-32.0)

(44.6-53.8)

  25-34

52.1

74.5

30.3

46.5

(50.0-54.3)

(72.5-76.6)

(28.2-32.5)

(44.1-48.9)

  35-44

56.6**

75.8

32.7

46.3

(53.9-59.3)

(73.4-78.1)

(30.0-35.3)

(43.6-49.1)

  45-49

59.5**

78.5

36.4*

50.0

(55.0-63.9)

(74.5-82.5)

(31.6-41.1)

(44.8-55.3)

Marital status

  Married (reference)

54.8

75.2

30.9

46.8

(53.3-56.4)

(73.8-76.7)

(29.4-32.5)

(45.2-48.4)

  Cohabiting

51.9*

75.0

32.4

48.3

(49.8-54.1)

(72.5-76.7)

(30.3-34.4)

(46.2-50.4)

Partner’s age

  14-24 (reference)

54.1

76.6

32.4

48.0

(48.7-59.5)

(72.2-80.9)

(27.4-37.4)

(42.4-53.6)

  25-34

54.0

76.2

28.4

46.2

(51.4-56.6)

(74.0-78.5)

(25.8-31.0)

(43.5-49.0)

  35-44

53.5

74.0

31.7

48.4

(51.4-55.7)

(71.9-76.1)

(29.6-33.9)

(46.0-50.8)

  45+

53.5

73.9

35.2

47.1

(49.6-57.4)

(70.2-77.7)

(31.4-39.0)

(42.9-51.3)

Partner’s age, relative to respondent

  Same age or younger (ref.)

55.4

76.7

33.2

47.7

(52.8-58.0)

(74.5-78.8)

(30.8-35.6)

(45.2-50.2)

  1-5 yrs. older

53.1

74.2

31.2

47.2

(51.4-54.7)

(72.5-75.8)

(29.5-33.0)

(45.4-49.0)

  6+ yrs. older

53.1

74.7

29.9

47.1

(50.4-55.7)

(72.4-77.0)

(27.4-32.4)

(44.5-49.8)

Partner’s education

  None (reference)

52.6

75.4

20.3

41.7

(42.9-62.4)

(67.8-82.9)

(12.5-28.0)

(32.4-51.0)

  Primary

55.7

75.4

32.0**

47.1

(53.3-58.1)

(73.3-77.5)

(29.9-34.2)

(44.7-49.6)

  Secondary

55.0

75.2

32.1*

49.3

(52.9-57.2)

(73.2-77.3)

(30.2-34.0)

(47.2-51.5)

  Higher

46.6

73.8

29.6

44.3

(42.5-50.6)

(70.4-77.2)

(26.0-33.2)

(40.3-48.3)

Education difference between partners

  Wife is more educated (ref.)

53.5

73.9

31.1

46.5

(50.7-56.3)

(71.2-76.5)

(28.4-33.8)

(43.4-49.5)

  Same level of education

50.3

73.9

29.0

46.1

(47.7-52.9)

(71.4-76.4)

(26.7-31.2)

(43.7-48.6)

  Husband is more educated

55.3

73.8

32.6

48.2

(53.4-57.2)

(74.3-77.6)

(30.7-34.5)

(46.2-50.1)