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Table 3 Crude and adjusted odds ratios (OR) for high (> 75 nmol/L) vs . low (≤75 nmol/L) vitamin D levels, and regression coefficients (βi) from multiple regression analysis, in relation to reproductive history, life–styles factors and season

From: Determinants of serum levels of vitamin D: a study of life-style, menopausal status, dietary intake, serum calcium, and PTH

Factor

Low (n)

High (n)

Crude OR (95% CI)

Adjusted*OR (95% CI)

βi (95% CI)

Adjusted* βi (95% CI)

Age (years)

 ≤50

59

103

1.00

1.00

Baseline

Baseline

 >50 – ≤55

53

111

1.20 (0.76–1.90)

1.18 (0.73–1.92)

4.13 (–1.78 to 10.0)

4.10 (–1.73 to 9.94)

 >55 – ≤60

49

92

1.08 (0.67–1.72)

0.99 (0.60–1.64)

3.31 (–2.83 to 9.46)

2.25 (–3.84 to 8.33)

 >60 – ≤65

42

104

1.42 (0.88–2.29)

1.49 (0.89–2.49)

4.12 (–1.97 to 10.2)

5.05 (–1.02 to 11.1)

 >65

31

83

1.53 (0.91–2.59)

1.44 (0.84–2.48)

9.14 (2.61 to 15.7)

8.03 (1.73 to 14.3)

BMI (kg/m2)

 <20

12

29

0.80 (0.45–1.86)

0.97 (0.46–2.04)

1.12 (–3.25 to 5.50)

1.47 (–2.73 to 5.68)

 ≥20– <25

92

244

1.00

1.00

Baseline

Baseline

 ≥25– <30

82

177

0.26 (0.57–1.16)

0.79 (0.55–1.14)

−1.55 (–3.74 to 0.63)

−1.73 (–3.84 to 0.39)

 ≥30

48

43

0.34 (0.21–0.54)

0.31 (0.19–0.52)

−6.84 (–9.97 to –3.72)

−6.98 (–10.0 to –3.94)

Oral contraception

 No

126

240

1.00

1.00

Baseline

Baseline

 Yes

108

253

1.23 (0.90–1.68)

1.49 (1.04–2.13)

2.84 (–1.13 to 6.80)

5.40 (1.17 to 9.62)

Menopausal status

 Pre

67

120

1.00

1.00

Baseline

Baseline

 Peri/post

167

373

1.25 (0.88–1.77)

1.22 (0.70–2.12)

4.42 (–0.12 to 8.95)

3.62 (–3.10 to 10.3)

MHT** (n = 537)

 No

135

287

1.00

1.00

Baseline

Baseline

 Yes

30

85

1.33 (0.84–2.12)

1.37 (0.85–2.23)

−1.52 (–4.53 to 1.48)

−1.55 (–4.50 to 1.40)

Smoking status

 Never

97

209

1.00

1.00

Baseline

Baseline

 Ex

66

135

0.95 (0.65–1.39)

1.06 (0.71–1.58)

−0.58 (–5.44 to 4.28)

0.85 (–3.91 to 5.62)

 Current

71

149

0.97 (0.67–1.41)

1.03 (0.70–1.52)

1.81 (–2.93 to 6.54)

2.42 (–2.18 to 7.03)

Alcohol consumption

 Zero

25

32

1.00

1.00

Baseline

Baseline

 <15 g/day

311

315

1.73 (0.99–3.03)

1.92 (1.07–3.45)

8.60 (1.10 to 16.1)

9.31 (2.05 to 16.6)

 15 – 30 g/day

30

70

1.82 (0.93–3.58)

2.16 (1.06–4.41)

9.20 (0.34 to 18.1)

10.7 (2.03 to 19.3)

 >30 g/day

8

12

1.17 (0.42–3.30)

1.44 (0.48–4.33)

2.38 (–11.5 to 16.3)

4.51 (–9.01 to 18.0)

 Infrequent

29

64

1.72 (0.87–3.41)

2.01 (0.99–4.08)

9.41 (0.42 to 18.4)

10.9 (2.21 to 19.5)

Baseline season

 Spring

95

104

1.00

1.00

Baseline

Baseline

 Summer

39

164

3.84 (2.46–6.00)

3.89 (2.48–6.12)

20.3 (15.2 to 25.5)

20.1 (14.9 to 25.2)

 Autumn

39

110

2.58 (1.63–4.08)

2.52 (1.59–4.00)

11.0 (5.45 to 16.6)

10.5 (4.94 to 16.1)

 Winter 

61

115

1.72 (1.14–2.61)

1.71 (1.12–2.60)

7.04 (1.72 to 12.4)

6.80 (1.47 to 12.1)

Education

 O–level college

158

338

1.00

1.00

Baseline

Baseline

 A–level college

23

34

0.69 (0.39–1.21)

0.70 (0.39–1.27)

−5.87 (–13.3 to 1.61)

−5.63 (–12.9 to 1.62)

 University 

53

121

1.07 (0.73–1.55)

1.17 (0.78–1.74)

−2.31 (–7.02 to 2.40)

−1.10 (–5.77 to 3.57)

Socio–economic index

 Manual

93

181

1.00

1.00

Baseline

Baseline

 Non–manual

120

276

1.18 (0.85–1.64)

1.24 (0.88–1.75)

−0.37 (–4.57 to 3.83)

0.20 (–3.87 to 4.27)

 Employer

20

36

0.93 (0.51–1.69)

0.88 (0.47–1.65)

−4.91 (–12.7 to 2.94)

−4.97 (–12.6 to 2.62)

Born in Sweden

 Yes

200

457

1.00

1.00

Baseline

Baseline

 No

34

36

0.46 (0.28–0.76)

0.44 (0.26–0.74)

−10.6 (–17.3 to –3.96)

−10.5 (–16.9 to –4.08)

  1. * Adjusted for age, season and time in freezer. ** Only in peri/postmenopausal.