Factor | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |
Community factors | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Place of residence | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | P = 0.006 | P = 0.227 |
Rural | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Urban | 3.511 (2.714-4.511) | 3.539 (2.725-4.739) | 1.464 (1.116-1.921) | 0.777 (0.515-1.171) |
Ecological region | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | P = 0.026 | P = 0.086 |
Mountain | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Hill | 1.682 (1.114-2.539) | 1.461 (0.960-2.223) | 1.047 (0.723-1.517) | 0.939 (0.668-1.321) |
Terai | 2.684 (1.828-3.941) | 2.474 (1.680-3.647) | 1.473 (1.001-2.171) | 1.313 (0.921-1.873) |
Sociodemographic factors | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Wealth status | P < 0.001 |  | P < 0.001 | P = 0.001 |
Poor (Lower 40%) | 1.00 | Â | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Middle (Middle 40%) | 2.543 (2.009-3.219) | Â | 1.663 (1.272-2.174) | 1.670 (1.111-2.512) |
Rich (Upper 20%) | 6.609 (5.143-8.843) | Â | 3.068 (2.106-4.470) | 3.693 (2.319-5.880) |
Ethnicity | P < 0.001 |  | P = 0.0519 | Not in model |
Advantaged | 1.00 | Â | 1.00 | Â |
Disadvantaged (Janjati) | 0.566 (0.443-0.723) | Â | 0.888 (0.677-1.166) | Â |
Disadvantaged (Dalit) | 0.526 (0.420-0.657) | Â | 1.076 (0.832-1.392) | Â |
Religion | P = 0.014 |  | P = 0.350 | Not in model |
Hindu | 1.477 (1.081-2.017) | Â | 1.167 (0.844-1.613) | Â |
Others | 1.00 | Â | 1.00 | Â |
Maternal education | P < 0.001 |  | P < 0.001 | P = 0.502 |
No education | 1.00 | Â | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Primary | 1.852 (1.477-2.323) | Â | 1.483 (1.193-1.843) | 1.141 (0.825-1.576) |
Secondary | 4.333 (3.436-5.464) | Â | 2.287 (1.789-2.923) | 1.189 (0.849-1.665) |
Higher | 12.824 (8.404-19.567) | Â | 3.657(2.273-5.882) | 1.563 (0.819-2.982) |
Maternal occupation | P < 0.001 |  | P < 0.002 | P = 0.396 |
Not working | 1.00 | Â | 1.00 | 1.000 |
Agriculture | 0.318 (0.252-0.402) | Â | 0.644 (0.506-0.819) | 0.936 (0.661-1.326) |
Working (paid) | 1.049 (0.784-1.403) | Â | 0.776 (0.586-1.027) | 0.730 (0.458-1.164) |
Paternal education | P < 0.001 |  | P = 0.036 | P = 0.781 |
No education | 1.00 | Â | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Primary | 1.509 (1.101-2.069) | Â | 1.272 (0.953-1.699) | 1.044 (0.717-1.520) |
Secondary | 3.229 (2.390-4.363) | Â | 1.521 (1.134-2.038) | 1.150 (0.812-1.628) |
Higher | 8.854 (5.886-13.321) | Â | 1.817 (1.123-2.939) | 1.293 (0.963-2.403) |
Paternal occupation | P < 0.001 |  | P < 0.001 | P = 0.890 |
Agriculture | 1.00 | Â | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Professional/technical | 3.856 (3.039-4.892) | Â | 1.677 (1.302-2.160) | 1.070 (0.812-1.411) |
Manual and others | 1.699 (1.343-2.150) | Â | 1.396 (1.101-1.769) | 1.062 (0.553-2.040) |
Proximate factors | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Mother’s age (in years) | P < 0.001 |  |  | P = 0.350 |
15-19 | 1.00 | Â | Â | 1.00 |
20-29 | 0.816 (0.619-1.077) | Â | Â | 1.426 (0.941-2.161) |
30-34 | 0.646 (0.472-0.884) | Â | Â | 1.568 (0.925-2.658) |
> = 35 | 0.335 (0.239-0.471) |  |  | 1.399 (0.883-2.217) |
Number of ANC visits | P < 0.001 |  |  | P < 0.001 |
No ANC visit | 1.00 | Â | Â | 1.00 |
1-3 | 3.019 (1.934-4.712) | Â | Â | 1.670 (1.111-2.512) |
4 or more | 13.325 (8.274-21.457) | Â | Â | 3.693 (2.319-5.880) |
Place of delivery | P < 0.001 |  |  | P < 0.001 |
Home | 1.00 | Â | Â | 1.00 |
Health facility | 52.920 (38.559-72.630) | Â | Â | 34.894 (24.956-48.789) |
Maternal final say on her own health care | P < 0.001 |  |  | P = 0.665 |
Women alone | 1.00 | Â | Â | 1.00 |
Women with partner/other | 1.114 (0.898-1.381) | Â | Â | 1.082 (0.783-1.495) |
Partner alone/someone else | 0.729 (0.575-0.923) | Â | Â | 0.940 (0.961-1.278) |