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Table 3 Odds ratios for premenstrual syndrome and individual menstrual symptoms, stratified by timing of 25OHD measurement vs. PMS diagnosis

From: Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D and risk of premenstrual syndrome in a prospective cohort study

 

25OHD measured before PMS diagnosis

25OHD measured after PMS diagnosis

Outcome

Cases*

MV OR† (95% CI) for 10 nmol/L change in 25OHD

Cases*

MV OR† (95% CI) for 10 nmol/L change in 25OHD

Premenstrual Syndrome

123

0.97 (0.85 – 1.11)

279

1.13 (1.03 – 1.25)

Physical & behavioral menstrual symptoms

  

Swelling of extremities

27

0.77 (0.57 – 1.06)

58

1.12 (0.96 – 1.31)

Breast tenderness

79

0.79 (0.65 – 0.96)

211

1.05 (0.93 – 1.19)

Fatigue

64

0.80 (0.66 – 0.97)

153

1.10 (0.99 – 1.23)

Diarrhea/constipation

50

0.80 (0.65 – 0.98)

108

1.13 (1.00 – 1.29)

Backache

41

0.85 (0.67 – 1.07)

104

1.11 (0.98 – 1.26)

Bloating

77

0.85 (0.71 – 1.03)

181

1.10 (0.99 – 1.23)

Hot flashes

16

0.86 (0.59 – 1.25)

15

1.09 (0.79 – 1.52)

Palpitations

15

0.90 (0.62 – 1.32)

22

1.14 (0.90 – 1.45)

Food cravings

82

0.92 (0.78 – 1.09)

204

1.15 (1.03 – 1.29)

Appetite changes

68

0.93 (0.79 – 1.10)

163

1.17 (1.04 – 1.31)

Forgetfulness

24

0.96 (0.72 – 1.28)

58

1.15 (0.99 – 1.34)

Insomnia

33

0.95 (0.76 – 1.20)

47

1.15 (0.97 – 1.36)

Acne

36

0.97 (0.76 – 1.24)

96

1.14 (1.01 – 1.29)

Headache

58

1.02 (0.85 – 1.23)

125

1.07 (0.95 – 1.22)

Affective menstrual symptoms

   

Depression

51

0.81 (0.66 – 1.00)

117

1.10 (0.98 – 1.24)

Anxiety

35

0.82 (0.63 – 1.06)

91

1.19 (1.04 – 1.35)

Tendency to cry easily

59

0.92 (0.76 – 1.12)

158

1.13 (1.01 – 1.27)

Anger

68

0.94 (0.78 – 1.13)

165

1.12 (1.01 – 1.25)

Irritability

110

0.95 (0.81 – 1.11)

235

1.19 (1.07 – 1.34)

Hypersensitivity

37

0.95 (0.76 – 1.19)

112

1.14 (1.01 – 1.29)

Cramping

46

0.98 (0.80 – 1.20)

92

1.03 (0.90 – 1.19)

Mood swings

76

1.00 (0.85 – 1.17)

191

1.15 (1.04 – 1.28)

Desire for aloneness

38

1.01 (0.80 – 1.28)

113

1.14 (1.00 – 1.29)

  1. Odds ratios (OR) correspond to change in risk of PMS or individual symptoms for each 10 nmol/L change in 25OHD level. OR significant at P < 0.05 are bolded.
  2. *Number of PMS cases reporting specific symptom. Results for symptoms of dizziness, nausea, confusion are not shown, as these symptoms were reported by ≤10 cases.
  3. †Multivariable (MV) OR from unconditional logistic regression adjusted for age, season of blood collection, race/ethnicity, geographic region, BMI at blood draw, physical activity, alcohol intake, smoking status at blood collection, number of moles on leg, oral contraceptive use, maternal education, antidepressant use, significant childhood trauma, and vitamin B6 intake, and plasma levels of total calcium and parathyroid hormone.