Total | No history of miscarriage | History of miscarriage | p-value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N = 2798 | N = 2349 | N = 449 | ||||
Maternal age | 27.6 ± 4.3 | 27.1 ± 4.3 | 28.1 ± 4.3 | <0.001*** | ||
Marital status | 0.065 | |||||
Married | 2012 (71.9) | 1673 (71.2) | 339 (75.5) | |||
Not married | 786 (28.1) | 676 (28.8) | 110 (24.5) | |||
Fertility advice or treatment | <0.001*** | |||||
No | 2480 (88.6) | 2122 (90.3) | 358 (79.7) | |||
Yes | 318 (11.4) | 227 (9.7) | 91 (20.3) | |||
Race/Ethnicity | 0.442 | |||||
Non-Hispanic White | 2370 (84.7) | 1986 (84.5) | 384 (85.5) | |||
Non-Hispanic Black | 182 (6.5) | 149 (6.3) | 33 (7.3) | |||
Hispanic | 144 (5.1) | 127 (5.4) | 17 (3.8) | |||
Other | 102 (3.6) | 87 (3.7) | 15 (3.3) | |||
Education | 0.828 | |||||
High school graduate or GED or less | 459 (16.4) | 382 (16.3) | 77 (17.1) | |||
Some college or vocational programs | 725 (25.9) | 613 (26.1) | 112 (24.9) | |||
Completed 4 year college degree or greater | 1614 (57.7) | 1354 (57.6) | 260 (57.9) | |||
Poverty | 0.896 | |||||
Poverty | 230 (8.2) | 192 (8.2) | 38 (8.5) | |||
Near poverty | 309 (11.0) | 257 (10.9) | 52 (11.6) | |||
Non-poverty | 2259 (80.7) | 1900 (80.9) | 359 (80.0) | |||
Mode of delivery | 0.115 | |||||
Vaginal delivery | 1981 (70.8) | 1677 (71.4) | 304 (67.7) | |||
Cesarean delivery | 817 (29.2) | 672 (28.6) | 145 (32.3) | |||
Infant hospitalization at birth | 0.089 | |||||
No | 2730 (97.6) | 2297 (97.8) | 433 (96.4) | |||
Yes | 68 (2.4) | 52 (2.2) | 16 (3.6) | |||
Postpartum mental health visits | 0.225 | |||||
No | 2667 (95.3) | 2244 (95.5) | 423 (94.2) | |||
Yes | 131 (4.7) | 105 (4.7) | 26 (5.8) | |||
History of depression | 0.132 | |||||
No | 2158 (77.1) | 1824 (77.7) | 334 (74.4) | |||
Yes | 640 (22.9) | 525 (22.3) | 115 (25.6) | |||
Probable postpartum depression | 0.041* | |||||
No probable depression | 2695 (96.3) | 2270 (96.6) | 425 (94.7) | |||
Probable depression | 103 (3.7) | 79 (3.4) | 24 (5.3) | |||
Postpartum bonding score (S-PBQ) | 47.7 ± 2.6 | 47.7 ± 2.6 | 47.5 ± 2.7 | 0.261 | ||
Birth experience | 68.7 ± 6.4 | 68.7 ± 6.4 | 68.5 ± 6.4 | 0.523 | ||
Maternal stress | 15.5 ± 3.3 | 15.5 ± 3.3 | 15.5±3.4 | 0.780 | ||
Social support | 38.9 ± 5.7 | 38.9 ± 5.6 | 38.7 ± 5.7 | 0.501 |