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Table 1 Demographic and obstetric characteristics of study participants

From: Effect of miscarriage history on maternal-infant bonding during the first year postpartum in the First Baby Study: a longitudinal cohort study

 

Total

No history of miscarriage

History of miscarriage

p-value

N = 2798

N = 2349

N = 449

Maternal age

27.6 ± 4.3

27.1 ± 4.3

28.1 ± 4.3

<0.001***

Marital status

    

0.065

 Married

2012 (71.9)

1673 (71.2)

339 (75.5)

 

 Not married

786 (28.1)

676 (28.8)

110 (24.5)

 

Fertility advice or treatment

     

<0.001***

 No

2480 (88.6)

2122 (90.3)

358 (79.7)

 

 Yes

318 (11.4)

227 (9.7)

91 (20.3)

 

Race/Ethnicity

     

0.442

 Non-Hispanic White

2370 (84.7)

1986 (84.5)

384 (85.5)

 

 Non-Hispanic Black

182 (6.5)

149 (6.3)

33 (7.3)

 

 Hispanic

144 (5.1)

127 (5.4)

17 (3.8)

 

 Other

102 (3.6)

87 (3.7)

15 (3.3)

 

Education

     

0.828

 High school graduate or GED or less

459 (16.4)

382 (16.3)

77 (17.1)

 

 Some college or vocational programs

725 (25.9)

613 (26.1)

112 (24.9)

 

 Completed 4 year college degree or greater

1614 (57.7)

1354 (57.6)

260 (57.9)

 

Poverty

     

0.896

 Poverty

230 (8.2)

192 (8.2)

38 (8.5)

 

 Near poverty

309 (11.0)

257 (10.9)

52 (11.6)

 

 Non-poverty

2259 (80.7)

1900 (80.9)

359 (80.0)

 

Mode of delivery

     

0.115

 Vaginal delivery

1981 (70.8)

1677 (71.4)

304 (67.7)

 

 Cesarean delivery

817 (29.2)

672 (28.6)

145 (32.3)

 

Infant hospitalization at birth

     

0.089

 No

2730 (97.6)

2297 (97.8)

433 (96.4)

 

 Yes

68 (2.4)

52 (2.2)

16 (3.6)

 

Postpartum mental health visits

     

0.225

 No

2667 (95.3)

2244 (95.5)

423 (94.2)

 

 Yes

131 (4.7)

105 (4.7)

26 (5.8)

 

History of depression

     

0.132

 No

2158 (77.1)

1824 (77.7)

334 (74.4)

 

 Yes

640 (22.9)

525 (22.3)

115 (25.6)

 

Probable postpartum depression

     

0.041*

 No probable depression

2695 (96.3)

2270 (96.6)

425 (94.7)

 

 Probable depression

103 (3.7)

79 (3.4)

24 (5.3)

 

Postpartum bonding score (S-PBQ)

47.7 ± 2.6

47.7 ± 2.6

47.5 ± 2.7

0.261

Birth experience

68.7 ± 6.4

68.7 ± 6.4

68.5 ± 6.4

0.523

Maternal stress

15.5 ± 3.3

15.5 ± 3.3

15.5±3.4

0.780

Social support

38.9 ± 5.7

38.9 ± 5.6

38.7 ± 5.7

0.501

  1. All results reported as n (%) or mean ± SD.
  2. *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001.