The economic consequences of selected maternal and early childhood nutrition interventions in low- and middle-income countries: a review of the literature, 2000—2013

Table 2 Economic consequences of macronutrients supplementation: key findings from studies in selected low- and middle-income countries, 2000—2013,n = 5

#	Study	Country	Study design	Sample	Statistical analysis	Economic impacts: magnitudes and significance level
1.	Hoddinott et al., [18].	Guatemala	Experimental. A follow up study, using the INCAP Oriente Survey	# of villages: 4	OLS	1. Men’s wages ↑: 46% *
1.	Hoddinott et al., [18].	Guatemala		# of individuals: 2,392	OLS	2. Women’s wages: No impact.
2.	Li et al., [20]	Guatemala	Experimental. A follow up study, using the INCAP Oriente Survey	# of women: 130	Ordinal Logit	1. Improved educational achievement (OR: 2.8*)
3.	Stein et al., [19].	Guatemala	Experimental. A follow up study, using the INCAP Oriente Survey	# of individuals: 1,448	GLM	1. Reading comprehension ↑: 3.46 points *
3.	Stein et al., [19].	Guatemala		# of individuals: 1,448	GLM	2. Cognitive functioning ↑: 1.74 points*
4.	Stein et al., [21]	Guatemala	Experimental. A follow up study, using the INCAP Oriente Survey	# of individuals: 1,455	OLS; Logit	1. Men and women had a lower fasting glucose level (7.0 mg/dl); systolic blood pressure (3.0 mm/dl); triglyceride level (22.2 mg/dl); and a higher density of lipoprotein cholesterol level (4.7 mg/dl).
5.	Vermeersch and Kremer, [22]	Kenya	Experimental	# of schools: 50	Tobit, RE	1. School participation ↑: 30%*
5.	Vermeersch and Kremer, [22]	Kenya	Experimental	# of children: 2,392	Tobit, RE	2. Test scores ↑: 0.38 and 0.42*

*p ≤ 0.05. OLS = Ordinary Least Squares; GLM = Generalized Linear Models; RE = Random Effects. ↑ indicates a positive impact.

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