The economic consequences of selected maternal and early childhood nutrition interventions in low- and middle-income countries: a review of the literature, 2000—2013

Halim, Nafisa; Spielman, Kathryn; Larson, Bruce

doi:10.1186/s12905-015-0189-y

Table 3 Economic consequences of micronutrients supplementation: key findings from studies in selected low- and middle-income countries, 2000—2013,n = 12

From: The economic consequences of selected maternal and early childhood nutrition interventions in low- and middle-income countries: a review of the literature, 2000—2013

#	Study	Country	Population intervened	Study design	Sample size	Statistical analysis	Treatment	Economic impacts: magnitudes and significance level
1	Thomas et al., [23]	Indonesia	Adults, 30–70 yrs	Experimental	17,000	DID	Iron supplementation	1. Men:
								Income ↑: 20% *
								Hourly earnings↑: 40%*
								Productivity ↑: 0.8 days
								Minutes/day spent sleeping due to fatigue↓: 20
								2. Women: income↑: 6% *
2	Bobonis et al., [24]	India	Children, 2–6 yrs	Experimental	4,068	DID	Iron supplementation and deworming treatment	1. Weight ↑: 0.5 kg*
								2. School participation ↑: 5.8% percentage points*
								3. Effects most pronounced among girls and children of low SES.
3.	Stolzfus et al., [25]	Tanzania	Children, 6–59 months	Experimental	614	GLM	Iron supplementation and anthelmintic treatment	1. Language development ↑: 0.3—0.8 points *
3.	Stolzfus et al., [25]							2. Motor skill development ↑: 0.4—1.1 point*
4.	Black et al., [26]	Bangladesh	Infants	Experimental	560	GLMM	Iron and zinc supplementation	Psychomotor Development Index score↑: 0.35*
5.	Field et al., [27]	Tanzania	Pregnant women	Quasi-experimental	1,395	FE	Iodized oil in utero	Schooling in years:
								1. Girls ↑: 0.82 **
								2. Boys ↑: 0.38 **
6.	O’Donnell et al., [28]	China	Pregnant women and children 2 yrs	Experimental	207	GLM; ANCOVA	Timing of initial iodine supplementation	Head circumference and Psychomotor Development Index scores:
6.	O’Donnell et al., [28]							1. Children supplemented early in pregnancy those supplemented later*
7.	Schmidt et al., [29]	Indonesia	Pregnant women	Experimental	276	OLS	Micronutrient supplementation	No association with infants’ mental and psychomotor development.
8.	Tofail et al., [30]	Bangladesh	Pregnant women	Experimental	2,853	ANCOVA	Micronutrient supplementation; food supplementation	Infants:
								1. Problem-solving: ↑ 0.17*
								2. Psychomotor Development Index: ↑ 0.28*
								3. Behavioral ratings: ↑0.24*
9.	Prado et al., [31]	Indonesia	Pregnant women	Experimental	487	GLMM; GLM; RE	Micronutrients supplementation	Children
								1. Motor ability: ↑0.39*
								2. Visual attention: ↑0.24—0.37*
10.	Pongcharoen, et al., [32]	Thailand	Infants, 4–6 months	Experimental	560	GLMM	Iron and zinc supplementation	No impact on cognitive development
11.	Lozoff et al., [33]	Costa Rica	Infants, 12–23 months	Longitudinal survey of children who were treated with iron supplementation during infancy irrespective of their chronic iron deficient or good iron status.	191	ANCOVA	Iron supplementation	No impact on long-term behavioral and developmental outcomes
12.	Black et al., [34]	India	Infants	Experimental	221	ANOVA; GLM	Zinc and micronutrient-mix supplementation	No impact on cognitive and motor development

*p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01. ANCOVA = Analysis of Covariance; GLM = Generalized Linear Models; GLMM = Generalized Linear Mixed Models; FE = Fixed Effects; RE = Random Effects. DID = Difference-in-Differences. SES = Socioeconomic status; ↑ indicates a positive impact; ↓ indicates a negative impact.

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