Table 4 Determinants of body ache or bone pain in healthy adult females (N = 215)

Age

15–30 years

61/134 (45 %)

Ref

-

Ref

-

31–45 years

50/81 (65 %)

1.93 (1.10–3.47)

0.02

0.76 (0.37–1.55)

0.46

Settings

University students

42/92 (455 %)

0.71 (0.36–1.32)

0.23

Religious institutes

32/56 (57 %)

1.11 (0.53–2.21)

0.83

Employed

37/67 (55 %)

Ref

-

Marital status

Single

21/84 (25 %)

Ref

-

Ref

-

Married

90/131 (70 %)

6.58 (3.55–12.20)

<0.001

7.11 (3.44–16.70)

<0.001

Education

Illiterate

17/27 (66 %)

1.24 (0.29–0.93)

0.03

0.57 (0.20–1.56)

0.27

5–10 years

38/91 (44 %)

0.52 (0.26–1.96)

0.62

1.58 (0.56–4.48)

0.38

11–16 years

56/97 (57 %)

Ref

-

Ref

-

Socioeconomic status

Lower class

38/77 (48 %)

0.86 (0.42–1.75)

0.70

Middle class

46/87 (55 %)

1.01 (0.50–2.01)

1.0

Upper class

27/51 (55 %)

Ref

-

Preferred food item

Homemade food

63/108 (61 %)

Ref

Ref

Junk food

48/107 (44 %)

1.72 (1.0–2.95)

0.05

0.62 (0.33–1.18)

0.15

Milk intake

Yes

48/92 (53 %)

Ref

No

63/123 (52 %)

1.03 (0.60–1.70)

0.90

BMI

<25 kg/m²

62/126 (49 %)

Ref

≥25 kg/m²

49/89 (57 %)

1.35 (0.80–2.20)

0.40

Multivitamin use

Yes

39/78 (50 %)

Ref

No

72/137 (54 %)

1.10 (0.63–2.02)

0.70

Serum 25(OH)D concentration

<50 nmol/l

95/156 (60 %)

4.18 (2.16–8.08)

0.001

4.43 (2.07–9.49)

<0.001

≥50 nmol/l

16/59 (27 %)

Ref

Ref