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Table 3 Multivariable odds ratios between risk factors and sexual or physical IPV in the last 12 months

From: Correlates of intimate partner violence against women during a time of rapid social transition in Rwanda: analysis of the 2005 and 2010 demographic and health surveys

 

2005

2010

 

Full

Reduced

Full

Reduced

Full

Reduced

Beliefs and behaviors

      

Emotional violence by partner last 12 months

      

 No

1.00

1.00

  

Not

Not

 Yes

19.0***

18.1***

  

available

available

Woman beat partner unprovoked last 12 months

      

 No

1.00

1.00

  

Not

Not

 Yes

10.8*

12.3**

  

available

available

Woman’s father beat mother

      

 No

1.00

1.00

  

Not

Not

 Yes

1.80***

1.82***

  

available

available

Partner consumes alcohol very often

      

 Never or sometimes

1.00

1.00

  

Not

Not

 Very often

3.16***

3.13***

  

available

available

Partner believes a man can beat his wife

      

 0 reasons

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

1.00

 1+ reasons

1.11

 

1.12

 

1.29*

1.30*

Woman believes a man can beat his wife

      

 0 reasons

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

 1+ reasons

1.00

 

1.03

 

1.35**

1.36**

Woman involved in her own health decisions

      

 Partner only, other

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

1.00

 Woman involved

0.80

 

0.84

 

0.78*

0.79*

Woman involved with decisions about her earnings

      

 Partner only, other

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

1.00

 Woman involved

1.04

 

0.93

 

0.59**

0.57**

 No earnings

0.71

 

0.64

 

0.48***

0.47***

 Not working

0.75

 

0.72

 

0.65*

0.62*

Partner had sex with non-wife last 12 months

      

 No

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

1.00

 Yes

0.94

 

1.13

 

2.49***

2.52***

Woman says it is okay to refuse sex

      

 No

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

 Yes

1.05

 

0.98

 

0.81

 

Socio-demographics

      

Woman’s age

      

 15–19

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

 20–29

1.15

 

1.22

 

1.47

 

 30–39

1.07

 

1.09

 

1.62

 

 40–49

1.48

 

1.33

 

1.89

 

Household wealth

      

 Top 4 quintiles

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

1.00

 Bottom quintile

0.98

 

0.99

 

1.22

1.25*

Household residence

      

 Urban

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

 Rural

1.44

 

1.17

 

1.06

 

Polygynous couple

      

 No

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 Yes

1.55*

1.51*

2.35***

2.41***

2.31***

2.29**

Woman’s children

      

 Has no children

1.00

 

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 Has at least one son

1.95

 

2.04*

2.04*

1.67

2.05**

 Has daughters only

2.24*

 

2.13*

2.11*

2.09*

2.58***

Number of children <15 in household

      

 None

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

 1 or 2

0.98

 

1.00

 

1.30

 

 3 or 4

0.99

 

1.20

 

1.23

 

 5+

1.04

 

1.17

 

1.18

 

Number of adults in addition to couple in household

      

 None

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

 1 or 2

0.61*

 

0.67*

 

0.90

 

 3+

0.49

 

0.47

 

0.63

 

Partner’s employment

      

 Employed, for cash

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

1.00

 Employed, in - kind

0.77

 

0.76

 

1.54***

1.58***

 Not working

0.72*

 

0.85

 

0.67

0.65

Partner’s education

      

 Less than secondary

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 

 Secondary or higher

0.46**

0.43**

0.44**

0.45**

0.88

 

Woman’s education

      

 No school

1.00

 

1.00

1.00

1.00

 

 Primary

1.34

 

1.38*

1.40*

1.30

 

 Secondary or higher

0.85

 

0.88

0.88

1.27

 

 N (weighted)a

1502

1520

1527

1544

2027

2029

  1. ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.5
  2. aSample size reduced by missing responses among covariates