| 2005 | 2010 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | Full | Reduced | Full | Reduced | Full | Reduced |
Beliefs and behaviors | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Emotional violence by partner last 12Â months | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 No | 1.00 | 1.00 |  |  | Not | Not |
 Yes | 19.0*** | 18.1*** |  |  | available | available |
Woman beat partner unprovoked last 12Â months | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 No | 1.00 | 1.00 |  |  | Not | Not |
 Yes | 10.8* | 12.3** |  |  | available | available |
Woman’s father beat mother |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 No | 1.00 | 1.00 |  |  | Not | Not |
 Yes | 1.80*** | 1.82*** |  |  | available | available |
Partner consumes alcohol very often | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Never or sometimes | 1.00 | 1.00 |  |  | Not | Not |
 Very often | 3.16*** | 3.13*** |  |  | available | available |
Partner believes a man can beat his wife | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 0 reasons | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 1+ reasons | 1.11 |  | 1.12 |  | 1.29* | 1.30* |
Woman believes a man can beat his wife | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 0 reasons | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |  |
 1+ reasons | 1.00 |  | 1.03 |  | 1.35** | 1.36** |
Woman involved in her own health decisions | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Partner only, other | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 Woman involved | 0.80 |  | 0.84 |  | 0.78* | 0.79* |
Woman involved with decisions about her earnings | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Partner only, other | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 Woman involved | 1.04 |  | 0.93 |  | 0.59** | 0.57** |
 No earnings | 0.71 |  | 0.64 |  | 0.48*** | 0.47*** |
 Not working | 0.75 |  | 0.72 |  | 0.65* | 0.62* |
Partner had sex with non-wife last 12Â months | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 No | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 Yes | 0.94 |  | 1.13 |  | 2.49*** | 2.52*** |
Woman says it is okay to refuse sex | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 No | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |  |
 Yes | 1.05 |  | 0.98 |  | 0.81 |  |
Socio-demographics | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Woman’s age |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 15–19 | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |  |
 20–29 | 1.15 |  | 1.22 |  | 1.47 |  |
 30–39 | 1.07 |  | 1.09 |  | 1.62 |  |
 40–49 | 1.48 |  | 1.33 |  | 1.89 |  |
Household wealth | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Top 4 quintiles | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 Bottom quintile | 0.98 |  | 0.99 |  | 1.22 | 1.25* |
Household residence | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Urban | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |  |
 Rural | 1.44 |  | 1.17 |  | 1.06 |  |
Polygynous couple | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 Yes | 1.55* | 1.51* | 2.35*** | 2.41*** | 2.31*** | 2.29** |
Woman’s children |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 Has no children | 1.00 |  | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 Has at least one son | 1.95 |  | 2.04* | 2.04* | 1.67 | 2.05** |
 Has daughters only | 2.24* |  | 2.13* | 2.11* | 2.09* | 2.58*** |
Number of children <15 in household | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 None | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |  |
 1 or 2 | 0.98 |  | 1.00 |  | 1.30 |  |
 3 or 4 | 0.99 |  | 1.20 |  | 1.23 |  |
 5+ | 1.04 |  | 1.17 |  | 1.18 |  |
Number of adults in addition to couple in household | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 None | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |  |
 1 or 2 | 0.61* |  | 0.67* |  | 0.90 |  |
 3+ | 0.49 |  | 0.47 |  | 0.63 |  |
Partner’s employment |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 Employed, for cash | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 Employed, in - kind | 0.77 |  | 0.76 |  | 1.54*** | 1.58*** |
 Not working | 0.72* |  | 0.85 |  | 0.67 | 0.65 |
Partner’s education |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 Less than secondary | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |  |
 Secondary or higher | 0.46** | 0.43** | 0.44** | 0.45** | 0.88 |  |
Woman’s education |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 No school | 1.00 |  | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |  |
 Primary | 1.34 |  | 1.38* | 1.40* | 1.30 |  |
 Secondary or higher | 0.85 |  | 0.88 | 0.88 | 1.27 |  |
 N (weighted)a | 1502 | 1520 | 1527 | 1544 | 2027 | 2029 |