Table 5 Anemia prevalence according to village, household and individual level variables. First National Survey of Indigenous People’s Health and Nutrition. Brazil, 2008–2009. Geopolitical region was included as a control variable at all levels

Level 1: Village

Indigenous Community Healthcare Initiatives Project

1.03

(0.76; 1.38)

1.01

(0.75; 1.35)

1.03

(0.76; 1.38)

Level 2: Household characteristics

Housing condition index

  1^st tertile

  2^nd tertile

0.95

(0.80; 1.12)

0.95

(0.80; 1.12)

  3^rd tertile

0.93

(0.76; 1.14)

0.93

(0.75; 1.13)

Sanitation index

  1^st tertile

  2^nd tertile

0.99

(0.83; 1.18)

1.01

(0.85; 1.21)

  3^rd tertile

1.17

(0.96; 1.43)

1.19

(0.97; 1.46)

Household goods index

  1^st tertile

  2^nd tertile

0.87

(0.76; 1.01)

0.88

(0.76; 1.01)

  3^rd tertile

0.71

(0.60; 0.84)

0.73

(0.61; 0.87)

Absence of food shortages

0.93

(0.82; 1.06)

0.94

(0.82; 1.07)

Purchased foods index

  1^st tertile

  2^nd tertile

0.94

(0.80; 1.11)

0.95

(0.81; 1.13)

  3^rd tertile

0.95

(0.78; 1.16)

0.95

(0.78; 1.16)

Wild food index

  1^st tertile

  2^nd tertile

1.25

(1.05; 1.50)

1.24

(1.04; 1.49)

  3^rd tertile

1.15

(0.92; 1.43)

1.17

(0.94; 1.46)

Garden produce index

  1^st tertile

  2^nd tertile

0.88

(0.75; 1.02)

0.88

(0.75; 1.02)

  3^rd tertile

1.04

(0.87; 1.24)

1.04

(0.87; 1.25)

Level 3: Individual characteristics

Age group (years)

  14–19

  20–34

0.98

(0.83; 1.16)

  35–49

0.93

(0.74; 1.16)

Schooling (years)

  0

  1–4

1.07

(0.89; 1.27)

  5–9

1.06

(0.86; 1.30)

   ≥ 10

1.06

(0.83; 1.35)

BMI

  Normal

  Underweight

1.00

(0.71; 1.40)

  Overweight

0.80

(0.69; 0.90)

  Obese

0.73

(0.59; 0.87)

Parity

1.06

(1.00; 1.11)

Absence of malaria treatment

0.66

(0.53; 0.82)

Deviance (-2 loglikelihood)

8192

7909

7748

ICC village

0.11

0.10

0.09

ICC region

0.04

0.03

0.02