Table 3 Associations between psychosocial factors and pain (N = 229)
From: Pain in amaXhosa women living with HIV/AIDS: a cross-sectional study of ambulant outpatients
|  | Pain group (n = 170) | Pain Free Group (n = 59) |  |
|---|---|---|---|
|  | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Significance Test |
Self-efficacy | 6.45 ± 1.60 | 7.00 ± .51 | t  = −2.4; p  = 0.02* |
Health related quality of life (EQ5D) | 0.683 ± 0.248 | 0.932 ± 0.101 | t  = −7.48; p  < 0.01* |
Depression (BDI) | 18.5 ± 10.4 | 12.6 ± 9.0 | t  = 3.9; p  < 0.01* |
Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (PTSD) | 1.78 ± 1.1 | 1.41 ± 1.1 | t  = 2.22; p  = 0.03* |
Childhood Trauma | 41 ± 9 | 39.8 ± 10 | t = 0.85; p = 0.39 |