Impact of preconceptional micronutrient supplementation on maternal mental health during pregnancy and postpartum: results from a randomized controlled trial in Vietnam

Table 1 Selected maternal characteristics at baseline by intervention group

Variable^b	MM (n = 518)^a	IFA (n = 526)^a	FA (n = 572)^a	P-Value^c
Age at randomization, y	26.1 ± 4.6	25.9 ± 4.2	25.8 ± 4.2	0.49
Age at first married, y	21.7 ± 3.2	21.8 ± 3.3	21.9 ± 3.3	0.70
Ethnic minority, %	52.8	48.9	48.4	0.29
Education Level, %
Primary school	9.5	7.2	7.5	0.34
Secondary school	52.7	53.0	55.4
High school	27.4	26.6	23.4
College or higher	10.4	13.1	13.6
Work as farmers, %	82.0	78.1	78.0	0.18
SES index	−0.01 ± 0.93	0.06 ± 0.95	0.06 ± 0.95	0.48
Number of children, %
0	5.1	5.9	5.5	0.84
1	93.3	92.7	93.7
≥ 2	1.6	1.3	0.8
Anthropometric measurements
Height, cm	152.7 ± 4.9	152.6 ± 5.0	152.8 ± 5.2	0.75
Weight, kg	46.1 ± 5.7	45.4 ± 5.1	45.8 ± 5.5	0.13
BMI, kg/m²	19.8 ± 2.1	19.5 ± 1.9	19.6 ± 2.1	0.10
Underweight (BMI < 18.5), %	29.0	31.5	32.2	0.50
Dietary intake /d
Total energy, kcal	2240 ± 775	2249 ± 754	2183 ± 711	0.29
Iron, mg	17.3 ± 8.1	17.7 ± 7.5	17.0 ± 8.1	0.35
Zinc, mg	10.6 ± 3.6	10.6 ± 3.5	10.3 ± 3.6	0.19
Vitamin C, mg	235 ± 158	244 ± 145	245 ± 199	0.53
Folate, μg	344 ± 210	355 ± 190	343 ± 193	0.53
Vitamin B12, μg	2.1 ± 2.3	2.0 ± 1.7	1.9 ± 1.8	0.18
Vitamin A, μg	440.2 ± 496.9	424.3 ± 360.1	414.8 ± 379.8	0.60
Hematological indicators
Hemoglobin, g/dL	12.9 ± 1.4	12.9 ± 1.4	13.0 ± 1.3	0.19
Anemia (Hb <12 g/dL), %	21.6	20.1	17.9	0.31
Ferritin, μg/L (geometric mean)^d	66.31	64.07	66.89	0.74
Insufficient iron stores (ferritin <30 μg/L), %	13.5	14.6	11.1	0.20
Compliance to preconception supplements^e	95.5 ± 9.7	96.1 ± 8.7	95.7 ± 9.4	0.19
Compliance for prenatal supplements^e	97.1 ± 9.1	97.7 ± 6.9	97.7 ± 7.1	0.27

^aSample sizes for each variable vary slightly due to item-specific missing data
^bValues are mean ± SD or percentages unless otherwise noted
^cANOVA test for comparison of means and goodness of fit test for comparison of proportions
^dFerritin values were adjusted for inflammation indicators
^eCompliance was calculated as the percentage of number of supplements consumed over the total number of supplements delivered
AGP alpha-1-acid glycoprotein, CRP C- reactive protein. BMI Body Mass Index, FA Folic acid, IFA Iron and folic acid, MM Multiple micronutrient, SES Social Economic Status, RBP Retinol Binding Protein

ISSN: 1472-6874