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Table 2 Premenstrual symptom prevalence by ethnicity

From: Hormonal contraceptive use and prevalence of premenstrual symptoms in a multiethnic Canadian population

Symptom

Total (%)

Caucasian (%)

East Asian (%)

South Asian (%)

Other (%)

Model 1

Model 2

N = 1102

N = 514

N = 401

N = 105

N = 82

p-value

p-value

Cramps

75

79a

67b

84a

78ab

<0.0001

<0.0001

Bloating/Swelling/Breast Tenderness

75

79

70

70

78

0.01

0.16

Mood Swings/Irritability

73

73

72

74

67

0.68

0.68

Increased Appetite/Food Cravings

64

65

63

64

62

0.90

0.86

Acne

62

66

60

52

57

0.05

0.18

Fatigue

55

52

56

58

65

0.15

0.13

Sexual Desire/Activity Change

50

55

42

48

56

0.001

0.11

Anxiety/Tension/Nervousness

37

36

38

34

34

0.85

0.87

Desire to be alone

33

30

33

42

39

0.06

0.23

Depression

29

30

27

33

28

0.57

0.63

Headache

27

27

23

37

29

0.03

0.15

Confusion/Difficulty Concentrating/Forgetfulness

21

18

26

24

18

0.02

0.17

Clumsiness

15

14

18

15

11

0.26

0.27

Nausea

15

16

11

20

17

0.05

0.21

Insomnia

11

9

11

16

13

0.16

0.63

  1. Sorted by total premenstrual symptom prevalence. Letters indicate prevalence values which differed significantly from each other in the adjusted model (p < 0.05)