Table 3 Associations between HC use and premenstrual symptom severity
Symptom | Severity | HC non-users (%) | HC Users (%) | Model 1 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N = 782 | N = 320 | Relative Risk | p-value | Relative Risk | p-value | ||
Acne / Skin Blemish | None | 310 (40) | 111 (35) | REF | REF | ||
Mild | 318 (41) | 161 (50) | 1.17 (1.03,1.33) | 0.02 | 1.12 (0.98,1.28) | 0.10 | |
Moderate/Severe | 154 (20) | 48 (15) | 0.91 (0.69,1.19) | 0.49 | 0.84 (0.63,1.12) | 0.23 | |
Bloating / Swelling / Breast Tenderness | None | 207 (26) | 71 (22) | REF | REF | ||
Mild | 309 (40) | 143 (45) | 1.12 (0.99,1.26) | 0.07 | 1.07 (0.95,1.22) | 0.27 | |
Moderate/Severe | 266 (34) | 106 (33) | 1.06 (0.92,1.23) | 0.39 | 1.00 (0.86,1.16) | 0.99 | |
Cramps | None | 185 (24) | 89 (28) | REF | REF | ||
Mild | 256 (33) | 128 (40) | 1.02 (0.89,1.16) | 0.82 | 0.93 (0.81,1.07) | 0.29 | |
Moderate/Severe | 341 (44) | 103 (32) | 0.83 (0.72,0.96) | 0.01 | 0.82 (0.71,0.93) | 0.002 | |
Mood Swings / Crying Easily / Irritability /Angry Outbursts | None | 212 (27) | 92 (29) | REF | REF | ||
Mild | 287 (37) | 128 (40) | 1.01 (0.88,1.16) | 0.87 | 1.02 (0.88,1.18) | 0.80 | |
Moderate/Severe | 283 (36) | 100 (31) | 0.91 (0.78,1.06) | 0.24 | 0.89 (0.76,1.06) | 0.19 | |
Increased Appetite / Food Cravings | None | 282 (36) | 112 (35) | REF | REF | ||
Mild | 232 (30) | 107 (33) | 1.08 (0.91,1.28) | 0.35 | 1.06 (0.89,1.27) | 0.49 | |
Moderate/Severe | 268 (34) | 101 (32) | 0.97 (0.82,1.15) | 0.75 | 0.97 (0.82,1.16) | 0.76 | |
Fatigue | None | 342 (44) | 153 (48) | REF | REF | ||
Mild | 245 (31) | 107 (33) | 0.99 (0.83,1.17) | 0.87 | 1.00 (0.83,1.20) | 0.97 | |
Moderate/Severe | 195 (25) | 60 (19) | 0.78 (0.61,0.99) | 0.04 | 0.82 (0.64,1.05) | 0.11 | |
Headache | None | 575 (74) | 231 (72) | REF | REF | ||
Mild | 131 (17) | 58 (18) | 1.08 (0.82,1.43) | 0.58 | 1.11 (0.84,1.49) | 0.46 | |
Moderate/Severe | 76 (10) | 31 (10) | 1.01 (0.68,1.50) | 0.95 | 1.01 (0.67,1.51) | 0.97 | |
Anxiety / Tension / Nervousness | None | 480 (61) | 220 (69) | REF | REF | ||
Mild | 201 (26) | 73 (23) | 0.84 (0.67,1.06) | 0.15 | 0.88 (0.69,1.13) | 0.31 | |
Moderate/Severe | 101 (13) | 27 (8) | 0.63 (0.42,0.94) | 0.02 | 0.63 (0.42,0.95) | 0.03 | |
Clumsiness | None | 655 (84) | 278 (87) | REF | REF | ||
Mild | 90 (12) | 39 (12) | 1.02 (0.72,1.45) | 0.92 | 1.07 (0.74,1.56) | 0.71 | |
Moderate/Severe | 37 (5) | 3 (1) | 0.20 (0.06,0.64) | 0.007 | 0.22 (0.07,0.73) | 0.01 | |
Confusion / Difficulty Concentrating / Forgetfulness | None | 599 (77) | 267 (83) | REF | REF | ||
Mild | 121 (15) | 48 (15) | 0.91 (0.67,1.23) | 0.53 | 1.00 (0.72,1.38) | 1.00 | |
Moderate/Severe | 62 (8) | 5 (2) | 0.20 (0.08,0.48) | 0.0004 | 0.22 (0.09,0.54) | 0.001 | |
Sexual Desire / Activity Change | None | 407 (52) | 147 (46) | REF | REF | ||
Mild | 233 (30) | 112 (35) | 1.19 (1.00,1.41) | 0.05 | 1.14 (0.95,1.37) | 0.16 | |
Moderate/Severe | 142 (18) | 61 (19) | 1.13 (0.88,1.46) | 0.33 | 0.96 (0.74,1.23) | 0.74 | |
Insomnia | None | 688 (88) | 293 (92) | REF | REF | ||
Mild | 75 (10) | 25 (8) | 0.80 (0.52,1.23) | 0.31 | 0.91 (0.57,1.43) | 0.68 | |
Moderate/Severe | 19 (2) | 2 (1) | 0.25 (0.06,1.08) | 0.06 | 0.23 (0.05,0.99) | 0.05 | |
Nauseaa | None | 664 (85) | 277 (87) | REF | REF | ||
Mild | 81 (10) | 35 (10) | 1.03 (0.71,1.50) | 0.87 | 0.95 (0.64,1.41) | 0.80 | |
Moderate/Severe | 37 (5) | 8 (3) | 0.53 (0.25,1.13) | 0.10 | N/A | N/A | |
Depression | None | 543 (69) | 236 (74) | REF | REF | ||
Mild | 150 (19) | 65 (20) | 1.00 (0.77,1.29) | 0.99 | 0.96 (0.73,1.26) | 0.77 | |
Moderate/Severe | 89 (11) | 19 (6) | 0.53 (0.33,0.85) | 0.008 | 0.55 (0.34,0.90) | 0.02 | |
Desire to be alone | None | 499 (64) | 238 (75) | REF | REF | ||
Mild | 180 (23) | 62 (19) | 0.78 (0.60,1.01) | 0.06 | 0.80 (0.62,1.04) | 0.10 | |
Moderate/Severe | 103 (13) | 19 (6) | 0.43 (0.27,0.69) | 0.0004 | 0.45 (0.28,0.73) | 0.001 |