| IOM weight gain recommendations applied to international BMI classification | IOM weight gain recommendations applied to Asian BMI classification | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Inadequate | Excessive | Inadequate | Excessive | ||
Number in each category (%) | 297 (56.1%) | 62 (11.7%) | 268 (50.7%) | 80 (15.1%) | |
Mean birthweight (g) | MD (95% CI) | −98 (−173, −22)* | 131 (14, 248)* | −139 (−215, −64)*** | 83 (−23, 188) |
aMD (95% CI)‡ | −104 (−180, −29)** | 128 (12, 245)* | −139 (−215, −64)*** | 63 (−43, 169) | |
Number of antenatal visits | MD (95% CI) | −0.27 (−0.97, 0.44) | 0.62 (−0.46, 1.71) | −0.48 (−1.18, 0.23) | 0.62 (−0.37, 1.60) |
aMD (95% CI)‡ | −0.20 (−0.89, 0.50) | 0.45 (−0.63, 1.52) | −0.43 (−1.13, 0.27) | 0.43 (−0.64, 1.41) | |
Gestation at delivery | MD (95% CI) | −1.22 (−2.03, −0.42)** | −0.45 (−1.77, 0.88) | −1.13 (−1.95, −0.31)** | −0.38 (−1.56, 0.80) |
aMD (95% CI)‡ | −1.28 (−2.10, −0.45)** | −0.42 (−1.78, 0.94) | −1.18 (−2.02, −0.35)** | −0.37 (−1.63, 0.89) | |
Haemoglobin <11.0Â g/dl in trimester 2 | OR (95% CI) | 1.26 (0.82, 1.94) | 1.09 (0.56, 2.10) | 1.23 (0.80, 1.90) | 0.98 (0.54, 1.80) |
aOR (95% CI) ‡ | 1.28 (0.81, 2.01) | 1.39 (0.69, 2.79) | 1.22 (0.77, 1.93) | 1.23 (0.65, 2.35) | |
Haemoglobin <11.0Â g/dl in trimester 3 | OR (95% CI) | 1.42 (0.90, 2.25) | 1.19 (0.59, 2.42) | 1.46 (0.92, 2.32) | 1.17 (0.61, 2.23) |
aOR (95% CI) ‡ | 1.41 (0.88, 2.26) | 1.32 (0.64, 2.74) | 1.45 (0.91, 2.32) | 1.31 (0.67, 2.56) | |
Induction | OR (95% CI) | 0.69 (0.35, 1.40) | 1.34 (0.52, 3.48) | 0.81 (0.39, 1.66) | 1.75 (0.74, 4.12) |
aOR (95% CI) ‡ | 0.73 (0.35, 1.50) | 1.13 (0.42, 3.06) | 0.85 (0.40, 1.79) | 1.60 (0.65,3.92) | |
Spontaneous vaginal delivery | OR (95% CI) | 1.20 (0.73, 1.97) | 0.98 (0.47, 2.04) | 1.23 (0.74, 2.02) | 0.92 (0.47, 1.78) |
aOR (95% CI)‡ | 1.13 (0.67, 1.91) | 1.15 (0.52, 2.51) | 1.10 (0.65, 1.85) | 1.06 (0.52, 2.17) | |
Caesarean section | OR (95% CI) | 0.67 (0.39, 1.13) | 0.72 (0.31, 1.67) | 0.66 (0.38, 1.14) | 0.90 (0.44, 1.87) |
aOR (95% CI)‡ | 0.69 (0.39, 1.20) | 0.59 (0.24, 1.43) | 0.72 (0.41, 1.27) | 0.75 (0.34, 1.67) | |
LBW <2.5 kg | OR (95% CI) | 0.89 (0.31, 2.53) | – | 1.24 (0.41, 3.76) | 0.45 (0.05, 3.89) |
aOR (95% CI)‡ | 0.87 (0.30, 2.51) | – | 1.25 (0.41, 3.86) | 0.47 (0.05, 4.21) | |
Macrosomia >4.0Â kg | OR (95% CI) | 0.19 (0.04, 0.96)* | 0.94 (0.18, 4.77) | 0.11 (0.01, 0.93)* | 1.14 (0.28, 4.68) |
aOR (95% CI)‡ | 0.19 (0.04, 1.02) | 1.04 (0.18, 5.95) | 0.10 (0.01, 0.87)* | 0.85 (0.19, 3.86) | |
SGA | OR (95% CI) | 2.79 (0.89, 8.69) | 0.77 (0.08, 7.32) | 3.87 (1.09, 13.82)* | 1.48 (0.23, 9.46) |
 | aOR (95% CI)‡ | 4.52 (1.26, 16.24)* | 0.72 (0.07, 7.78) | 5.44 (1.36, 21.77)* | 1.22 (0.14, 10.31) |
LGA | OR (95% CI) | 0.35 (0.06, 2.18) | 2.21 (0.34, 14.39) | 1.12 (0.10, 12.60) | 10.10 (1.07, 95.70)* |
aOR (95% CI)‡ | 0.29 (0.04, 2.27) | 2.25 (0.29, 17.50) | 0.68 (0.05, 8.97) | 5.66 (0.48, 66.64) | |
Born <37Â weeks | OR (95% CI) | 3.17 (1.14, 8.80)* | 2.03 (0.44, 9.41) | 3.18 (1.14, 8.88)* | 1.94 (0.48, 7.95) |
aOR (95% CI)‡ | 3.38 (1.17, 9.73)* | 2.76 (0.55, 13.69) | 3.55 (1.23, 10.21)* | 3.14 (0.70, 14.19) | |
Born ≥42 weeks | OR (95% CI) | 0.30 (0.12, 0.79)* | 0.47 (0.09, 2.33) | 0.35 (0.13, 0.94)* | 0.56 (0.14, 2.21) |
aOR (95% CI)‡ | 0.27 (0.10, 0.73)* | 0.58 (0.11, 3.02) | 0.34 (0.13, 0.93)* | 0.82 (0.19, 3.55) | |
Postpartum Haemorrhage | OR (95% CI) | 1.00 (0.43, 2.33) | 2.26 (0.80, 6.37) | 1.03 (0.43, 2.47) | 2.45 (0.93, 6.44) |
aOR (95% CI)‡ | 0.98 (0.41, 2.34) | 2.11 (0.72, 6.17) | 1.13 (0.47, 2.77) | 2.40 (0.88, 6.51) | |
Perineal sutures | OR (95% CI) | 0.60 (0.39, 0.91)* | 0.85 (0.44, 1.64) | 0.60 (0.39, 0.91)* | 0.63 (0.34, 1.14) |
aOR (95% CI)‡ | 0.56 (0.34, 0.91)* | 0.72 (0.34, 1.50) | 0.51 (0.31, 0.83)** | 0.57 (0.29, 1.14) | |
Initial feed at breast | OR (95% CI) | 1.89 (0.91, 3.93) | 0.97 (0.36, 2.59) | 1.59 (0.75, 3.38) | 0.82 (0.33, 2.01) |
aOR (95% CI)‡ | 1.68 (0.78, 3.62) | 1.16 (0.41, 3.32) | 1.33 (0.61, 2.92) | 1.05 (0.40, 2.78) | |
Breastfeeding at discharge | OR (95% CI) | 0.86 (0.54, 1.38) | 0.95 (0.46,1.94) | 0.83 (0.52, 1.32) | 1.02 (0.53, 1.96) |
aOR (95% CI)‡ | 0.86 (0.54, 1.39) | 1.02 (0.49, 2.13) | 0.83 (0.51, 1.33) | 1.20 (0.61, 2.36) | |
Back pain | OR (95% CI) | 0.05 (0.01, 0.37)** | 1.43 (0.51, 4.01) | 0.07 (0.01, 0.54)* | 1.96 (0.74, 5.16) |
aOR (95% CI)‡ | 0.06 (0.01, 0.43)** | 1.29 (0.42, 3.96) | 0.07 (0.10, 0.60)* | 2.10 (0.70, 6.25) | |
Neonatal intensive care admission | OR (95% CI) | 0.41 (0.07, 2.49) | 1.94 (0.32, 11.91) | 0.74 (0.10, 5.28) | 3.64 (0.60, 22.27) |
aOR (95% CI)‡ | 0.50 (0.08, 3.19) | 1.44 (0.22, 9.65) | 0.89 (0.12, 6.68) | 2.40 (0.35, 16.33) |