Table 2 Bivariate associations of individual and community-level characteristics with cervical cancer screening history
Any kind of cervical cancer screening history (N = 6498) % | Pap smear history (N = 1262) % | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Individual-level characteristics | No | Yes | No | Yes |
Socio-demographic characteristics | ||||
Women’s Age | ||||
15-24 | 87.34 | 12.66* | 53.10 | 46.90* |
25-34 | 80.78 | 19.24 | 43.28 | 56.72 |
35-49 | 77.20 | 22.80 | 36.90 | 63.10 |
Religion | ||||
Roman Catholic | 78.44 | 21.56* | 38.24 | 61.76 |
Protestant/other Christian | 79.79 | 20.21 | 42.81 | 57.19 |
Muslim | 93.70 | 6.30 | 32.14 | 67.86 |
Others | 86.05 | 13.95 | 50.00 | 50.00 |
Region | ||||
Coast | 88.03 | 11.97* | 41.57 | 58.43* |
North Eastern | 84.00 | 16.00 | 66.44 | 33.56 |
Eastern | 81.55 | 18.45 | 41.94 | 58.06 |
Central | 66.25 | 33.75 | 48.71 | 51.29 |
Rift Valley | 82.99 | 17.01 | 43.25 | 56.75 |
Western | 84.41 | 15.59 | 50.57 | 49.43 |
Nyanza | 81.74 | 18.26 | 36.14 | 63.86 |
Nairobi | 68.86 | 31.14 | 14.08 | 85.92 |
Place of residence | ||||
Urban | 76.60 | 23.40* | 35.53 | 64.47* |
Rural | 83.30 | 16.70 | 47.26 | 52.74 |
Women’s education level | ||||
No Education | 94.29 | 5.71* | 54.55 | 45.45* |
Primary | 83.33 | 16.67 | 48.03 | 51.97 |
Secondary and higher | 74.43 | 25.57 | 35.15 | 64.85 |
Women’s employment | ||||
No | 85.60 | 14.40* | 45.95 | 54.05 |
Yes | 78.65 | 21.35 | 40.47 | 59.53 |
Number of living children | ||||
0 | 80.87 | 19.13 | 45.61 | 54.39* |
1-2 | 79.01 | 20.99 | 41.81 | 58.19 |
3-4 | 78.59 | 21.41 | 37.45 | 62.55 |
5+ | 86.41 | 13.59 | 50.00 | 50.00 |
Amount of media exposure | ||||
0 | 90.62 | 9.38* | 58.73 | 41.27* |
1 | 85.87 | 14.13 | 44.26 | 55.74 |
2 | 79.93 | 20.07 | 40.96 | 59.04 |
3 | 69.58 | 30.42 | 38.16 | 61.84 |
Wealth Index | ||||
Poorest | 91.86 | 8.14* | 37.84 | 62.16* |
Poor | 86.08 | 13.92 | 51.40 | 48.60 |
Middle class | 82.80 | 17.20 | 55.56 | 44.44 |
Rich | 78.55 | 21.45 | 42.14 | 57.86 |
Richest | 68.30 | 31.70 | 31.13 | 68.87 |
Women’s autonomy | ||||
Women’s decision-making power at home | ||||
Low | 82.24 | 17.76* | 42.38 | 57.62 |
High | 78.11 | 21.89 | 40.69 | 59.31 |
Sexual autonomy | ||||
No | 82.87 | 17.13* | 50.00 | 50.00* |
Yes | 79.80 | 20.20 | 39.30 | 60.70 |
Attitudes toward wife beating | ||||
Opposing | 78.91 | 21.09* | 39.95 | 60.05 |
Favorable | 82.67 | 17.33 | 44.09 | 55.91 |
Health care access | ||||
Covered by health insurance | ||||
No | 84.98 | 15.02* | 47.06 | 52.94* |
Yes | 66.05 | 33.95 | 33.73 | 66.27 |
Visit health facility in the last 12 | ||||
No | 82.05 | 17.95 | 87.83 | 12.17 |
Yes | 80.00 | 20.00 | 88.95 | 11.05 |
Community-level characteristics(n = 1588) | ||||
High decision-making autonomy a | ||||
Low | 83.27 | 16.73 | 82.28 | 17.72* |
Medium | 80.54 | 19.46 | 45.36 | 54.64 |
High | 79.09 | 20.91 | 41.39 | 58.61 |
% of women with high sexual autonomy | ||||
Low | 83.38 | 16.62* | 90.96 | 9.04* |
Medium | 82.30 | 17.70 | 40.43 | 59.57 |
High | 80.24 | 19.76 | 39.92 | 60.08 |
% of women with favorable attitudes toward wife beating | ||||
Low | 85.07 | 14.93* | 46.35 | 53.65* |
Medium | 81.13 | 18.87 | 48.44 | 51.65 |
High | 77.25 | 22.25 | 80.37 | 19.63 |
% women with secondary and higher education | ||||
Low | 87.87 | 12.13* | 87.04 | 12.96* |
Medium | 80.25 | 19.75 | 33.33 | 66.67 |
High | 76.67 | 23.33 | 38.50 | 61.50 |
%of women who perceived the distance to a health facility as a major problem | ||||
Low | 80.26 | 19.74* | 76.46 | 23.54* |
Medium | 86.27 | 13.73 | 45.65 | 54.35 |
High | 86.23 | 13.77 | 43.55 | 56.45 |
% of women with non-poor wealth index | ||||
Low | 89.74 | 10.26* | 92.07 | 7.93* |
Medium | 85.71 | 14.29 | 52.24 | 47.76 |
High | 73.31 | 26.69 | 40.82 | 59.18 |