Any type of cervical cancer screening (n = 6498). | Pap smear test (n = 1262). | |
---|---|---|
Individual Characteristics | Adjusted PR (95% CI) | Adjusted PR (95% CI) |
Socio-Demographic and Economic Factors | ||
Age | ||
15-24 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
25-34 | 1.18(0.97-1.44) | 1.18 (0.89-1.58) |
35-49 | 1.29 (1.09-2.97)* | 1.38(1.04-1.85)* |
Religion | ||
Roman Catholic | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Protestant/other Christian | 0.93(0.79-1.10) | 0.95 (0.77-1.16) |
Muslim | 0.42(0.28-1.05) | 1.13 (0.62-2.03) |
Others | 1.20(0.64-2.24) | 0.52 (0.21-1.30) |
Region | ||
Coast | 1.00 | 1.00 |
North Eastern | 1.18(0.34-4.13) | 3.07 (0.69-5.68) |
Eastern | 1.32(0.91-1.92) | 1.14(0.77-1.67) |
Central | 1.84(1.47-2.31)* | 1.02(0.69-1.51) |
Rift Valley | 1.17 (0.93-1.48) | 1.07(0.75-1.54) |
Western | 1.29 (0.96-1.74) | 1.05(0.69-1.60) |
Nyanza | 1.40(1.10-2.76)* | 1.17(0.80-1.69) |
Nairobi | 1.65(1.26-2.17)* | 2.23 (1.49-4.09)* |
Place of residence | ||
Urban | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Rural | 0.86(0.69-1.07) | 0.97 (0.78-1.20) |
Women’s education level | ||
No Education | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Primary | 1.47(0.98-2.23) | 1.29 (0.66-2.54) |
Secondary and higher | 1.43(0.92-2.21) | 1.22 (0.59-2.51) |
Women’s employment | ||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 1.21(1.08-1.39)* | 1.35 (1.13-1.61)* |
Number of living children | ||
0 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
1-2 | 0.95 (0.77-1.16) | 1.09(0.77-1.54) |
3-4 | 1.03 (0.83-1.28) | 1.16(0.84-1.65) |
5+ | 0.80 (0.62-1.03) | 0.92(0.60-1.39) |
Amount of media exposure | ||
0 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
1 | 1.05(0.81-1.36) | 1.26 (0.83-1.91) |
2 | 1.14(0.87-1.49) | 1.06 (0.73-1.62) |
3 | 1.36(1.02-1.81)* | 0.84(0.58-1.29) |
Wealth Index | ||
Poorest | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Poor | 1.37(1.03-2.17)* | 1.08 (0.78-1.48) |
Middle class | 1.52(1.12-2.05)* | 1.13 (0.81-1.58) |
Rich | 1.66(1.22-2.24)* | 1.52 (1.25-2.45)* |
Richest | 2.02(1.48-2.77)* | 2.60(1.78-3.79)* |
Women’s autonomy | ||
Women’s decision-making power at home | ||
Low | 1.00 | 1.00 |
High | 1.08(0.94-1.24) | 1.07 (0.82-1.40) |
Sexual autonomy | ||
No | 1.00 | |
Yes | 0.91(0.77-1.07) | 1.19 (1.01-1.45)* |
Justifying wife beating | ||
Opposing | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Favorable | 1.03(0.88-1.19) | 1.04 (0.78-1.39) |
Health care access | ||
Covered by health insurance | ||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 1.62(1.45-1.83)* | 2.05 (1.70-2.47)* |
Visit health facility in the last 12 | ||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 1.20(1.03-1.40)* | 0.90 (0.76-1.07) |
Community- level characteristics | ||
High decision-making autonomy at home a | ||
Low | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Medium | 1.01(0.79-1.29) | 1.08 (0.79-1.47) |
High | 1.07(0.84-1.35) | 0.90 (0.66-1.23) |
% of women with high sexual autonomy | ||
Low | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Medium | 1.10(0.85-1.43) | 0.98 (0.78-1.24) |
High | 0.92(0.70-1.121) | 1.90 (1.35-2.67)* |
% of women with favorable attitudes toward wife beating | ||
Low | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Medium | 1.04(0.82-1.32) | 1.36 (0.97-1.90) |
High | 1.03(0.79-1.34) | 0.99(0.71-1.40) |
% of women with secondary and above education | ||
Low | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Medium | 0.88(0.68-1.15) | 1.37 (0.99-1.89) |
High | 1.01(0.78-1.32) | 1.32(1.12-1.79) |
% of women who perceived the distance to a health facility as a major problem | ||
Low | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Medium | 1.04(0.86-1.42) | 1.32 (0.90-1.92) |
High | 1.03(0.99-1.90) | 1.14 (0.87-1.48) |
% of women with non-poor wealth index | ||
Low | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Medium | 1.03(0.77-1.37) | 0.86 (0.58-1.26) |
High | 1.06(0.77-1.47) | 0.74 (0.55-1.01) |
ICC | 0.23* | 0.10* |
AIC | 8852.95 | 5484.54 |