Table 4 Mean scores and standard deviation reported in different studies that used the Herth Hope Index and standardized effect sizes (Cohen’s d)
Study (year), country | Sample (N) | HHI global, mean ± SD | Cohen’s d [95% CI] |
|---|---|---|---|
Present study, Norway | Cardiac surgery (416) | 3 months: 38.3 ± 5.1, 6 months: 38.3 ± 5.4, 12 months: 38.7 ± 5.1 | 0.46 [0.35, 0.57]a |
Mahdavi (2016), [34] Iran | Cardiac surgery (80) | Pre-surgery: 20.2 ± 8.1 1 month: 23.4 ± 6.8 | 2.81 [2.51, 3.11]b |
Kelly-Tobin (2016), [18] USA | Women after MI (91) | 39.06 ± 4.65 | - 0.32 [− 0.63, − 0.01]c |
Eriksson (2013), [35] Sweden | After MI (13) | 1 month: 40.6 ± 5.8, 13 months: 41.6 ± 5.4, 24 months: 41.5 ± 6.7 | - 0.57 [− 1.12, − 0.01]b |
McGurk (2010), [33] USA | Heart Failure (65) | 39.03 ± 5.67 | - 0.06 [− 0.32, 0.20]b |
Bay (2008), [36] Sweden | CABG surgery (166) | Pre-surgery: 40.5 ± 5.0 1 month: 40.9 ± 5.2 | - 0.43 [− 0.67, − 0.19]d |
Van Kuiken (2008), [37] USA | Heart Failure (67) | 38.8 ± 7.03 | - 0.02 [− 0.3, 0.24]b |
Rustøen (2005), [38] Norway | Heart Failure (88) | 37.69 ± 5.3 | 0.2 [− 0.04, 0.43]b |
Evangelista (2003), [39] USA | Women, Heart Transplant Recipients (50) | 35.84 ± 5.08 | 0.19 [− 0.17, 0.56]c |
Beckie (2001), [11] USA | Women, after cardiac events (93) | 40.93 ± 5.34 | - 0.59 [− .91, − 0.28]c |
Staples (1997), [40] Canada | Cardiac surgery waiting period (21) | 38.5 ± 4.1 | 0.04 [− 0.04, 0.48]b |