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Table 2 Participant characteristics stratified by frequency of milk consumption

From: Normal/high-fat milk consumption is associated with higher lean body and muscle mass in Japanese women aged between 40 and 60 years: a cross-sectional study

 

Non- consumer

Exclusive low-fat milk consumer

Exclusive normal/high-fat milk consumer

(N = 27)

(N = 18)

(N = 29)

Age, y

48.6 (5.7)

51.0 (5.1)

50.0 (4.8)

Menopausal status, %

 Premenopausal

44.4

38.9

51.7

 Perimenopausal

22.2

11.1

13.8

 Postmenopausal

33.3

38.9

24.1

 Surgically induced menopause

0.0

11.1

10.3

Lifestyle factors, %

 Working

96.3

88.9

89.7

 Exercising regularly

33.3

55.6

41.4

 Smoking

11.1

0.0

13.8

 Alcohol consumption

  (Daily

22.2

11.1

13.8

  On occasion

51.9

66.7

55.2

  Never)

25.9

22.2

31.0

Body composition

 Weight, kg

53.2 (7.0)

51.7 (7.5)

54.1 (6.8)

 Body mass index, kg/cm2

21.9 (2.7)

21.5 (3.3)

21.8 (2.5)

 Lean body mass, kg

37.9 (2.2)

37.6 (2.9)

39.4 (2.7)ab

 Body water, kg

27.3 (1.9)

27.8 (3.8)

28.6 (2.2)a

 Body water percentage, %

51.8 (4.2)

52.7 (4.6)

53.3 (3.8)

 Estimated bone mass, kg

2.17 (0.20)

2.14 (0.25)

2.29 (0.23)ab

 Visceral fat level

4.59 (2.22)

4.38 (2.04)

4.44 (2.57)

 Basal metabolic rate, kcal/day

1100 (84)

1084 (94)

1136 (91)

 Muscle mass, kg

35.8 (2.0)

35.5 (2.7)

37.2 (2.5)ab

 Fat mass, kg

15.3 (5.4)

14.3 (5.7)

14.6 (5.1)

 Body fat percentage, %

28.0 (6.5)

26.6 (7.8)

26.4 (6.3)

  1. Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation unless otherwise indicated
  2. aP < 0.05 for unpaired t test compared with non-consumers
  3. bP < 0.05 for unpaired t test compared with exclusive low-fat milk consumers