Levels and variables | Models | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 Null model | 2 Random intercept and fixed slope- Individual variables only | 3 Random intercept and fixed slope- Individual and community variables | 4 Random intercept and random slope- individual variables only | 5 Random intercept and random slope- individual and community variables | 6 Cross-level interaction | |
INDIVIDUAL LEVEL (L1) | ||||||
Women status | ||||||
Low | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Middle | 1.01 (0.89–1.13) | 1.00 (0.89–1.12) | 0.88 (0.77–1.02) | 0.90 (0.78–1.04) | 0.75 (0.51–1.11) | |
High | 0.94 (0.82–1.07) | 0.92 (0.80–1.05) | 0.84 (0.72–0.98) | 0.85 (0.73–1.00) | 0.47 (0.32–0.71) | |
Age | ||||||
15–24 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
25–34 | 1.25 (1.12–1.40) | 1.26 (1.12–1.41) | 1.26 (1.15–1.44) | 1.26 (1.15–1.44) | 1.26 (1.12–1.42) | |
35–44 | 1.35 (1.19–1.54) | 1.36 (1.20–1.55) | 1.38 (1.25–1.62) | 1.38 (1.26–1.63) | 1.38 (1.21–1.58) | |
45–49 | 1.22 (1.02–1.45) | 1.22 (1.03–1.46) | 1.22 (1.07–1.52) | 1.23 (1.08–1.53) | 1.23 (1.03–1.47) | |
Wealth quintile | ||||||
Poorest | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Poorer | 1.25 (1.06–1.47) | 1.26 (1.07–1.49) | 1.26 (1.06–1.48) | 1.27 (1.08–1.50) | 1.27 (1.07–1.50) | |
Middle | 1.39 (1.15–1.69) | 1.41 (1.17–1.71) | 1.42 (1.17–1.73) | 1.43 (1.18–1.74) | 1.43 (1.18–1.74) | |
Richer | 1.36 (1.09–1.69) | 1.40 (1.12–1.74) | 1.39 (1.12–1.74) | 1.42 (1.14–1.77) | 1.42 (1.14–1.76) | |
Richest | 1.18 (0.92–1.51) | 1.22 (0.95–1.57) | 1.20 (0.94–1.55) | 1.23 (0.96–1.59) | 1.24 (0.96–1.59) | |
Nature of union | ||||||
Monogamous | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Polygamous | 1.19 (1.07–1.33) | 1.19 (1.07–1.32) | 1.19 (1.07–1.32) | 1.18 (1.06–1.32) | 1.18 (1.06–1.32) | |
Place of residence | ||||||
Urban | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Rural | 0.98 (0.80–1.21) | 0.95 (0.77–1.16) | 1.02 (0.83–1.25) | 0.97 (0.79–1.19) | 0.98 (0.80–1.20) | |
Woman’s attitude to IPV | ||||||
Does not justify wife-beating | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Justifies wife-beating | 1.32 (1.20–1.45) | 1.30 (1.18–1.43) | 1.33 (1.21–1.47) | 1.31 (1.19–1.44) | 1.31 (1.19–1.44) | |
Witnessed mother being beaten | ||||||
No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Yes | 2.44 (2.15–2.78) | 2.44 (2.15–2.78) | 2.48 (2.17–2.82) | 2.47 (2.17–2.82) | 2.48 (2.17–2.82) | |
Partner’s alcohol use | ||||||
Does not drink | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Never gets drunk | 2.09 (1.71–2.56) | 2.15 (1.76–2.63) | 2.15 (1.76–2.64) | 2.20 (1.80–2.70) | 2.20 (1.79–2.70) | |
Gets drunk sometimes | 2.42 (2.13–2.75) | 2.41 (2.12–2.74) | 2.48 (2.17–2.82) | 2.46 (2.16–2.81) | 2.47 (2.16–2.81) | |
Gets drunk often | 5.89 (4.63–7.50) | 5.89 (4.62–7.49) | 6.09 (4.77–7.78) | 6.08 (4.76–7.77) | 6.09 (4.77–7.78) | |
Partner’s controlling behaviour | ||||||
None | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Yes | 4.01 (3.61–4.47) | 3.83 (3.43–4.26) | 4.05 (3.63–4.52) | 3.87 (3.47–4.32) | 3.87 (3.46–4.32) | |
Partner’s education level | ||||||
Tertiary | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Secondary | 1.24 (1.08–1.43) | 1.24 (1.07–1.42) | 1.24 (1.08–1.43) | 1.24 (1.07–1.43) | 1.24 (1.07–1.43) | |
Primary | 1.41 (1.19–1.68) | 1.41 (1.19–1.68) | 1.40 (1.18–1.67) | 1.41 (1.18–1.67) | 1.41 (1.18–1.67) | |
No education | 1.19 (0.88–1.60) | 1.17 (0.87–1.58) | 1.16 (0.86–1.58) | 1.15 (0.85–1.56) | 1.15 (0.85–1.55) | |
Education difference between partners | ||||||
Both partners educated equally | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Partner more educated than woman | 1.12 (0.99–1.26) | 1.11 (0.98–1.25) | 1.11 (0.98–1.25) | 1.10 (0.98–1.24) | 1.10 (0.97–1.25) | |
Woman more educated than partner | 1.11 (0.95–1.28) | 1.11 (0.95–1.29) | 1.11 (0.95–1.29) | 1.11 (0.95–1.30) | 1.11 (0.95–1.30) | |
Both partners are not educated | 0.72 (0.54–0.95) | 0.72 (0.54–0.95) | 0.71 (0.53–0.94) | 0.71 (0.54–0.94) | 0.71 (0.53–0.94) | |
Income difference between partners | ||||||
Both partners earn equally | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Partner earns more than woman | 1.24 (0.99–1.54) | 1.23 (0.99–1.53) | 1.23 (0.98–1.53) | 1.22 (0.97–1.52) | 1.23 (0.98–1.53) | |
Woman earns more than partner | 1.69 (1.24–2.31) | 1.67 (1.23–2.28) | 1.70 (1.24–2.33) | 1.68 (1.23–2.30) | 1.67 (1.22–2.29) | |
Both partners do not earn | 1.20 (0.94–1.52) | 1.16 (0.91–1.48) | 1.16 (0.91–1.49) | 1.14 (0.89–1.46) | 1.15 (0.90–1.47) | |
COMMUNITY LEVEL (L2) | ||||||
Men’s attitude to IPV | ||||||
Does not justify wife-beating | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
Justifies wife-beating | 2.13 (1.58–2.87) | 2.08 (1.54–2.81) | 1.66 (1.17–2.35) | |||
Control over female behaviour | ||||||
Low | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
Moderate | 1.68 (1.34–2.09) | 1.66 (1.33–2.07) | 1.66 (1.33–2.07) | |||
High | 1.88 (1.49–2.36) | 1.82 (1.44–2.30) | 1.81 (1.44–2.29) | |||
Cross-level interaction between women status (L1) and Men’s attitude to IPV (L2) | ||||||
Low status X Men’s attitude | 1 | |||||
Moderate status X Men’s attitude | 1.21 (0.82–1.79) | |||||
High status X Men’s attitude | 1.89 (1.26–2.83) | |||||
Variance components (SE) | ||||||
Intercept (L2) variance | 2.04 (0.13) | 1.45 (0.10) | 1.34 (0.10) | 1.17 (0.14) | 1.18 (0.14) | 1.14 (0.14) |
Slope (L1)1 variance | 0.39 (0.13) | 0.40 (0.13) | 0.39 (0.13) | |||
Slope (L1)2 variance | 0.28 (0.12) | 0.29 (0.12) | 0.25 (0.10) | |||
Intercept-slope (L1)1 covariance | 0.16 (0.11) | 0.06 (0.11) | 0.08 (0.11) | |||
Intercept-slope (L1)2 covariance | 0.11 (0.10) | .003 (0.10) | 0.06 (0.10) | |||
Slope (L1)1-slope (L1)2 covariance | 0.28 (0.10) | 0.30 (0.10) | 0.28 (0.10) | |||
General contextual effects | ||||||
ICC (%) | 38.3 | 30.6 | 28.9 | 26.2 | 26.4 | 25.7 |
MOR | 3.88 | 3.14 | 3.00 | 2.79 | 2.81 | 2.76 |
PCV (%) | 28.9 | 7.6 | 12.7 | 0.85 | 3.4 | |
Model Fit Statistics | ||||||
Deviance Information Criteria | 19,823.92 | 15,817.98 | 15,761.46 | 15,783.44 | 15,732.48 | 15,722.33 |
Deviance change | 4005.94 | 56.2 | −21.98 | 50.96 | 10.15 |