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Table 1 A Hierarchical Cox Proportional Hazards Model Analysis of Modern Contraceptive use for 2003, 2008 & 2014

From: Modern contraceptive use among women of reproductive age in Ghana: analysis of the 2003–2014 Ghana Demographic and Health Surveys

Predictive Variables

2003

2008

2014

Crude PRR

U01

Adjusted PRR

Crude PRR

U01

Adjusted PRR

Crude PRR

U01

Adjusted PRR

U12

Res Occupation

0.99(0.95, 1.05)

0.039

 

1.00(0.95, 1.06)

0.053

 

1.01(0.98, 1.04)

0.093

 

0.271

 Manual

Reference

0.01

1

Reference

0.038

1

Reference

 

1

 

 Professional

1.33(0.85, 2.10)

1.09(0.59, 2.03)

1.58(0.98, 2.56)

2.21(1.27, 3.86)**

1.02(0.66, 1.35)

1.23(0.84, 1.87)

 Clerical

1.31(0.62, 2.77)

1.22(0.55, 2.71)

1.16(0.47, 2.85)

1.34(0.54, 3.3)

0.13(0.66, 1.92)

1.69(0.99, 2.91)

 Sales

1.05(0.81, 1.36)

0.94(0.72, 1.21)

0.94(0.68, 1.31)

0.86(0.61, 1.21)

0.92(0.78, 1.08)

0.96(0.82, 1.14)

 Agriculture

0.73(0.56, 0.95)*

0.85(0.63, 1.16)

0.87(062, 1.21)

1.09(0.75, 1.58)

0.88(0.74, 1.05)

0.89(0.75, 1.07)

 Services

1.01(0.68, 1.48)

0.89(0.60 1.32)

1.17(0.79, 1.73)

1.08(0.72, 1.62)

1.04(0.68, 1.59)

1.13(0.75, 1.70)

Age

0.96(0.91, 1.01)

0.04

 

0.95(0.89, 1.00)

0.06

 

0.89(0.87, 0.93)***

0.097

  

 45–49

Reference

0.029

1

Reference

0.05

1

reference

0.094

1

 

 15–19

0.88(0.31, 2.53)

1.73(0.59, 5.06)

0.75(0.26, 2.19)

1.28(0.42, 3.89)

0.96(0.49, 1.89)

1.41(0.72, 2.78)

 20–24

2.08(1.23, 3.51)**

3.33(1.92, 5.77)***

2.16(1.35, 3.45)**

3.02(1.82, 5.01)***

2.02(1.51, 2.71)***

2.63(1.93, 3.59)***

 25–29

2.47(1.49, 4.11)***

3.32(1.96, 5.60)***

1.69(1.06, 2.68)*

2.23(1.36, 3.65)**

1.98(1.56, 2.51)***

2.31(1.79, 2.97)***

 30–34

2.44(1.49, 3.96)***

3.32(1.79, 4.81)***

2.02(1.28, 3.20)**

2.26(1.41, 3.62)**

1.88(1.48, 2.39)***

1.94(1.51, 2.49)***

 35–39

2.42(1.46, 3.99)**

2.93(1.58, 4.23)***

2.17(1.39, 3.36)**

2.29(1.49, 3.52)***

1.52(1.17, 1.97)**

1.49(1.13, 1.95)***

 40–44

2.29(1.37, 3.87)**

2.21(1.32, 3.70)**

1.58(0.97, 2.56)

1.65(1.03, 2.66)*

1.48(1.12, 1.95)**

1.44(1.09, 1.90)**

Place of Residence

0.02(0.56, 0.81)***

0.007

 

0.77(0.63, 0.94)*

0.039

 

1.21(1.05, 1.39)**

0.088

  

 Urban

Reference

1

Reference

 

1

Reference

1

 

 Rural

0.02(0.56, 0.81)***

0.79(0.60, 1.03)

0.77(0.63, 0.94)*

0.039

0.90(0.68, 1.19)

1.21(1.05, 1.39)**

1.05(0.87, 1.25)

Number__of Children

1.08(0.98, 1.19)

0.042

 

1.04(0.93, 1.16)

0.052

 

1.05(0.98.1.13)

0.923

  

 No Child

Reference

 

1

Reference

 

1

Reference

1

 

 One to Three

1.67(0.99, 2.81)

 

1.95(1.19, 3.19)**

1.54(0.95, 2.49)

 

1.84(1.14, 2.98)**

2.49(1.39, 4.47)**

2.59(1.44, 4.69)**

 Four to Six

1.97(1.17, 3.71)*

 

3.34(2.01, 5.55)***

1.68(1.02, 2.76)

 

2.73(1.59, 4.69)***

2.85(1.58, 5.14)**

3.94(2.16, 7.20)***

 Seven to Nine

1.88(1.06, 3.33)*

 

4.65(2.59, 8.32)***

1.57(0.81, 2.75)

 

3.53(1.84, 6.74)***

2.17(1.18, 3.99)*

4.07(2.16, 7.69)***

 Ten and Above

0.87(0.29, 2.54)

0.035

3.15(1.09, 9.08)*

0.69(0.21, 2.25)

0.052

1.95(0.58, 6.61)

1.06(0.43, 2.61)

2.19(0.89, 5.38)

Educational Level

1.33(1.20, 1.47)***

  

1.20(1.08, 1.34)**

0.028

 

1.12(1.05, 1.20)***

0.904

  

 No Education

Reference

 

1

reference

 

1

Reference

 

1

 

 Primary

1.58(1.19, 2.08)**

 

1.24(0.92, 1.68)

1.36(1.03, 1.78)*

 

1.22(0.81, 1.84)

1.47(1.24, 1.73)***

 

1.27(1.08, 1.51)**

 Secondary

1.85(1.47, 2.31)***

 

1.32(0.98, 1.78)

1.55(1.21, 1.98)***

 

1.43(1.07, 1.91)*

1.36(1.17, 1.59)***

 

1.32(1.11, 1.57)**

 Higher

2.13(1.26, 3.59)**

 

1.55(0.74, 3.27)

1.33(0.74, 2.39)

0.027

0.81(0.37, 1.76)

1.27(0.93, 1.74)

0.795

1.48(0.94, 2.32)

Wealth Index

1.16(1.09, 1.24)***

  

1.14(1.06, 1.22)***

0.024

 

0.96(0.91, 1.00)

0.091

  

 Poor

Reference

 

1

Reference

 

1

Reference

 

1

 

 Poorest

1.72(1.23, 2.39)**

 

1.31(0.94, 1.82)

1.03(0.75, 1.41)

 

0.97(0.69, 1.36)

1.11(0.93, 1.34)

 

0.99(0.83, 1.17)

 Middle

1.63(1.16, 0.29)**

 

1.12(0.77, 1.63)

1.31(0.94, 1.81)

 

1.27(0.85, 1.89)

1.08(0.89, 1.31)

 

0.91(0.74, 1.12)

 Richer

1.77(1.28, 2.45)**

 

1.07(0.69, 1.63)

1.65(1.21, 2.26)**

 

1.72(1.10, 2.68)*

1.07(0.88, 1.29)

0.079

0.92(0.72, 1.17)

 Richest

2.14(1.21, 1.48)***

 

1.16(0.71, 1.89)

1.51(1.08, 2.09)*

0.023

1.69(1.03, 2.80)*

0.75(0.59, 0.93)*

 

0.65(0.48, 0.87)

Partner Educational Level

1.33(1.21, 1.48)***

  

1.91(1.07, 1.32)**

0.032

 

1.01(0.99, 1.03)

0.089

  

 No education

Reference

 

1

Reference

 

1

Reference

 

1

 

 Primary

1.92(1.33, 2.76)***

 

1.50(1.04, 2.18)

1.32(0.89, 1.95)

 

1.22(0.81, 1.84)

1.48(1.20, 1.82)***

 

1.21(0.99, 1.48)

 Secondary

2.03(1.54, 3.22)***

 

1.39(1.01, 1.89)

1.49(1.16, 1.96)

 

1.27(0.91, 1.76)

1.31(1.10, 11.55)**

 

1.18(0.99, 1.39)

 Higher

2.23(1.54, 3.22)***

 

1.40(0.89, 2.21)

1.58(1.10, 2.27)

0.032

1.15(0.74, 1.77)

1.09(0.86, 1.38)

0.764

1.02(0.78, 1.35)

Partner Occupation

1.02(0.98, 1.06)

0.351

0.98(0.95, 1.02)

0.97(0.92, 1.01)

0.051

0.96(0.92, 1.00)

1.01(0.99, 1.03)

0.093

0.99(0.97, 1.02)

Type of Earnings

0.81(0.71, 0.92)*

0.02

0.96(0.83, 1.12)

1.12(0.98, 1.29)

0.043

1.17(1.01, 1.36)

0.95(0.89, 1.01)

0.088

0.95(0.87, 1.04)

Religion

0.99(0.95, 1.48)

0.039

 

0.93(0.89, 0.96)***

0.007

 

0.95(0.92, 0.98)**

0.078

 

 No religion

Reference

 

1

reference

 

1

reference

 

1

 

 Orthodox

2.48(1.29, 4.79)

 

1.63(0.82, 3.27)

1.61(0.94, 2.75)

 

1.42(0.83, 2.43)

1.26(0.88, 1.81)

 

1.15(0.79, 1.66)

 Charismatic

1.70(0.84, 3.44)

 

1.63(0.82, 3.24)

1.40(0.82, 2.41)

 

1.23(0.71, 2.14)

1.31(0.94, 1.83)

 

1.23(0.87, 1.73)

 Islam

0.70(0.25, 1.91)

 

1.34(0.65, 2.73)

1.01(0.55,1.85)

 

0.85(0.46, 1.59)

0.95(0.65, 1.39)

 

0.90(0.61, 1.33)

 Traditional

0.92(0.87, 0.97)**

 

0.79(0.29, 2.15)

0.83(0.39, 1.72)

0.008

0.82(0.39, 1.73)

0.59(0.33, 1.09)

0.175

0.58(0.32, 1.04)

Ethnicity

0.92(0.87, 1.65)

 

1.04(0.97, 1.11)

0.99(0.94, 1.04)

0.05

1.13(1.06, 1.20)***

0.98(0.95, 1.02)

0.091

1.02(0.99, 1.06)

 

Knowledge of Ovulation Cycle

0.97(0.92, 1.01)

0.036

0.98(0.94, 1.03)

0.97(0.93, 1.02)

0.05

1.00(0.96, 1.05)

0.98(0.94, 1.01)

0.934

0.99(0.96, 1.04)

From Radio

1.69(1.30, 2.21)***

0.002

 

1.16(0.95, 1.43)

0.045

 

1.08(0.95, 1.22)

0.094

  

 No

Reference

1

Reference

 

1

Reference

1

 

 Yes

1.69(1.30, 2.21)***

1.32(1.01, 1.74)*

1.16(0.95, 1.43)

0.045

1.00(0.80, 1.25)

1.08(0.95, 1.22)

0.04(0.91, 1.019)

From TV

1.42(1.18, 1.71)***

  

1.32(1.08, 1.62)**

0.038

 

1.03(0.90, 1.16)

0.094

  

 No

Reference

1

Reference

 

1

Reference

1

 

 Yes

1.42(1.18, 1.71)***

0.96(0.76, 1.23)

1.32(1.08, 1.62)**

0.038

1.10(0.87, 1.40)

1.03(0.90, 1.16)

1.00(0.86, 1.16)

Newspapers

1.42(1.15, 1.77)**

  

0.83(0.56, 1.23)

0.054

 

0.79(1.05, 1.11)

0.093

  

 No

Reference

1

Reference

 

1

Reference

1

 

 Yes

1.42(1.15, 1.77)**

1.05(0.82, 1.34)

0.83(0.56, 1.23)

0.054

0.58(0.38, 0.88)

0.79(0.57, 1.11)

0.77(0.54, 1.09)

FP Worker

1.09(0.87, 1.39)

0.04

 

1.42(1.09, 1.84)**

0.045

 

1.23(1.05, 1.45)*

0.087

  

 No

Reference

1

Reference

 

1

Reference

1

 

 Yes

1.09(0.87, 1.39)

1.08(0.86, 1.36)

1.42(1.09, 1.84)**

0.045

1.44(1.11, 1.86)**

1.23(1.05, 1.45)*

1.61(0.98, 1.37)

Marital Status

1.26(0.94, 1.69)

0.032

 

1.23(0.99, 1.53)

0.047

 

1.02(0.88, 1.19)

0.093

  

 Married

reference

1

Reference

 

1

Reference

1

 

 Living together

1.26(0.94, 1.69)

1.33(1.00, 1.77)

1.23(0.99, 1.53)

0.047

1.20(0.95, 1.52)

1.02(0.88, 1.19)

0.95(0.81, 1.10)

Desire for Children

0.77(0.66, 1.0.91)**

0.035

 

0.97(0.94, 1.01)

0.052

 

0.97(0.94, 0.99)**

0.099

  

 Both Same

Reference

 

1

Reference

 

1

Reference

 

1

 

 Hus. More

0.64(0.50, 0.82)***

 

0.75(0.59, 0.95)

0.96(0.74,1.25)

 

0.95(0.72, 1.24)

0.80(0.69, 0.92)**

 

0.87(0.76, 1.00)

 Hus. Fewer

0.77(0.56, 1.08)

 

0.70(0.49, 0.99)

1.25(0.86, 1.81)

 

1.12(0.78, 1.61)

0.91(0.74, 1.11)

 

0.94(0.77, 1.15)

 Don’t Know

0

0.024

 

0.83(0.64, 1.08)

0.044

0.90(0.69, 1.17)

0.77(0.65, 0.92)**

0.0942

0.87(0.73, 1.03)

Decision on Respondent’s Health

1.03(0.97, 1.09)

0.044

 

0.96(0.89, 1.04)

0.053

 

0.95(0.89, 1.01)

0.882

  

 Res. Alone

Reference

1

Reference

1

Reference

1

 

 Respondent and Someone

1.25(0.97, 1.59)

1.13(0.88, 146)

1.25(0.98, 1.61)

1.24(0.98, 1.58)

1.39(1.19, 1.61)***

1.25(1.08, 1.45)**

 Husband Alone

1.08(0.87, 1.32)

0.09(0.97, 1.49)

0.98(0.74, 1.29)

0.98(0.74, 1.31)

0.91(0.73, 1.13)

0.89(0.73, 1.11)

 Someone Else

1.44(1.00, 2.08)

0.041

1.41(0.98, 2.03)

0.89(0.14, 5.63)

0.046

1.09(0.17, 7.21)

0.97(0.34, 2.76)

0.662

0.99(0.34, 2.85)

  1. PRR Prevalence rate ratio, FP worker Family planning worker, From TV From television, Res Respondent, Hus Husband, U01: cluster variation for each variable, U12: overall cluster variation for all variables, p-value < 0.05 = *, p-value < 0.01 = ** and p-value < 0.001 = ***