Table 1 Sociodemographic Characteristics of the Sample and Bivariate and Multivariate Association with Physical and / or Sexual IPV (N = 1800)

 Uppercaste and relatively advantaged Janajatis

REF

 Disadvantaged non-Dalit and Janajatis

1.71**

(1.23, 2.38)

 Dalit and religious minorities

1.46

(0.98, 2.18)

  < 15

REF

 15–17

0.92

(0.60, 1.41)

 18–20

0.99

(0.65, 1.50)

 21+

0.81

(0.49, 1.35)

 Arranged w/consent

REF

 Arranged w/o consent

1.32

(0.87, 2.01)

 Love w/fam blessing

0.91

(0.57, 1.45)

 Love w/o fam blessing

0.79

(0.56, 1.12)

Wife Education

1.13

(0.94, 1.34)

Husband Education

0.88

(0.76, 1.01)

 Unemployed

REF

 Earns less than her husband

1.49*

(1.08, 2.04)

 Earns the same amount as her husband

1.79**

(1.28, 2.50)

 Earns more than her husband

1.44

(0.72, 2.87)

Income Stress

1.59**

(1.22, 2.09)

Marital Communication (mean/SD)

0.72**

(0.62, 0.83)

Quarrelling

4.55**

(3.26, 6.35)

Husband Frequently Drunk

2.38**

(1.69, 3.36)

Wife Exposed to IPV As a Child

1.60**

(1.19, 2.14)

 No

REF

 Yes

1.64**

(1.17, 2.30)

 Don’t know

1.43*

(1.06, 1.94)

 In-law Violence

2.82**

(2.01, 3.96)

Gender Equitable Attitudes (mean/SD)

0.99

(0.96, 1.02)

Gender Equitable Normative Expectations (mean/SD)

0.95**

(0.92, 0.98)

 Nawalparasi

REF

 Chitwan

0.66*

(0.48, 0.91)

 Kapilvastu

0.98

(0.66, 1.44)