Table 2 Key Findings by Theme

Experiences with GBV

Harassment, threats, and intimidation reportedly occur frequently on both campuses, especially in common places such as the library.

Female students from both universities reported that IPV and coerced sex are common in students’ relationships.

Cases of male teachers manipulating female students’ grades in exchange for sex were reported at both universities.

Risk factors for victimization

The low social status of female students and their perceived academic inferiority contribute to their risk of victimization by male peers and faculty.

Traditional relationship dynamics, such as the obligation for females to have sex, may result in GBV if a female student refuses to have sex or enter a relationship with a male.

Female students’ engagement in relationships with males in order to obtain financial support may result in sexual coercion, particularly in combination with substance use.

Assigning Blame for Perpetration

Male participants indicated that GBV occurred because female students use male students for personal gain.

Both male and female participants saw women wearing certain clothing as contributing to GBV and expressed the belief that some men are unable to control their sexual impulses.

Both male and female participants accused female students of putting themselves in harm’s way.

Victim Support

Peers were identified as a main source of support among victims of GBV.

Campus resources, including a Gender Office, campus police, and mental health services were often viewed as ineffective.

Male students expressed resentment for affirmative action policies and other supports for female students.