Table 3 Neonatal, infant, and under-five mortality rates in East Africa (per 100 births) by demographic characteristics of mothers
Variable | East Africa (Kenya n = 2432, Uganda n = 3579, Tanzania n = 2001, Rwanda n = 1479, Burundi n = 2021, Total n = 11,512) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
NMR (95% CI) | IMR (95% CI) | UMR (95% CI) | |
Intimate Partner Violence | |||
Mother Experienced IPV | |||
No | 2.4 (2.2–2.7) | 3.7 (3.4–4) 4.6 (4.3–5) | |
Yes | 2.9 (2.6–3.1) | 4.2 (3.9–4.5)* 5.4 (5.1–5.7)* | |
Socioeconomic Factors | |||
Residential area | |||
Rural | 3 (2.6–3.4) | 4.2 (3.7–4.7)* | 5 (4.5–5.6)** |
Urban | 2.5 (2.3–2.6) | 3.8 (3.6–4) | 4.9 (4.7–5.1) |
Wealth index | |||
Poor | 2.5 (2.3–2.7) | 4 (3.7–4.3) | 5.3 (5–5.6) |
Middle | 2.5 (2.2–2.8) | 3.7 (3.3–4.1) | 4.6 (4.2–5) |
Rich | 2.8 (2.5–3.1) | 3.9 (3.6–4.3) | 4.7 (4.3–5.1) |
Mother’s age | |||
< 20 years | 3.8 (3.1–4.7) | 4.9 (4.1–5.9) | 5.6 (4.7–6.6) |
20–29 years | 2.5 (2.3–2.7) | 3.8 (3.6–4.1) | 4.9 (4.6–5.2)* |
30–49 years | 2.8 (2.5–3.1) | 3.9 (3.7–4.2) | 4.9 (4.6–5.3) |
Mother’s age at first birth | |||
< 20 years | 2.5 (2.3–2.7) | 3.9 (3.7–4.2) | 5.1 (4.8–5.4) |
20–29 years | 2.6 (2.4–2.9)* | 3.9 (3.6–4.2) | 4.7 (4.4–5) |
30–49 years | 3.2 (1.8–5.5) | 4.7 (3.1–7.1) | 5.5 (3.8–7.9) |
Mother’s religion | |||
Roman Catholic | 2.7 (2.4–3) | 4.2 (3.8–4.5) | 5.2 (4.8–5.7) |
Protestant | 2.4 (2.2–2.7) | 3.7 (3.4–4) | 4.6 (4.3–4.9) |
Muslim | 2.9 (2.4–3.6) | 4 (3.4–4.8) | 4.9 (4.2–5.7) |
No religion | 2.4 (1.9–3) | 3.8 (3.2–4.5) | 5.1 (4.4–5.9) |
Mother’s education level | |||
No education | 2.5 (2.2–2.8) | 4.1 (3.8–4.6) | 5.7 (5.2–6.2) |
Primary | 2.6 (2.5–2.8) | 4 (3.8–4.3) | 5 (5.8–5.3) |
Secondary | 2.5 (2.1–2.9) | 3.5 (3–4) | 4 (3.5–4.6) |
Higher | 2.8 (1.8–4.5) | 3.5 (2.4–5.2) | 3.7 (2.5–5.3) |
Mother’s working status | |||
No | 2.6 (2.3–3.1) | 3.8 (3.4–4.3) | 4.8 (4.3–5.3) |
Yes | 2.6 (2.5–2.8) | 4 (3.8–4.3) | 5.1 (4.8–5.4) |
Mother’s mass media usage | |||
Yes | 2.5 (2.2–2.8) | 3.9 (3.6–4.3) | 5.2 (4.8–5.6) |
No | 2.6 (2.5–2.8) | 3.9 (3.7–4.2) | 4.8 (4.6–5.1) |
Maternal Factors | |||
Desire for pregnancy | |||
Then | 2.8 (2.5–3) | 4.2 (3.9–4.5) | 5.3 (5–5.6) |
Later | 2.3 (2–2.6)* | 3.5 (3.1–3.8) | 4.4 (4–4.9)* |
No more | 2.7 (2.2–3.4) | 3.8 (3.2–4.6) | 4.5 (3.8–5.3) |
Mother’s BMI | |||
< 18.5 | 1.7 (1.3–2.3) | 3.1 (2.4–3.9) | 4.1 (3.4–5) |
> =18.5 | 2.8 (2.6–3.1) | 4.1 (3.9–4.4)* | 5.2 (4.9–5.5)* |
Sexual autonomy | |||
No | 3.1 (2.7–3.6) | 4.6 (4.1–5.1) | 5.7 (5.1–6.2) |
Yes | 2.5 (2.3–2.7) | 3.8 (3.5–4) | 4.8 (4.5–5) |
Mother giving sexual favors | |||
No | 2.6 (2.1–3.2) | 3.9 (3.3–4.6) | 4.6 (4–5.3) |
Yes | 3.2 (1.3–7.5) | 5.3 (2.1–12.9) | 5.6 (2.3–13) |
Health System Factors | |||
Delivery by Caesarean section | |||
No | 2.5 (2.4–2.7) | 3.8 (3.7–4.1) | 4.9 (4.7–5.1) |
Yes | 3.7 (2.9–4.7)* | 4.8 (3.9–5.9)* | 5.7 (4.8–6.8)* |
Delivery assistance | |||
Non-health professional | 2.7 (2.4–3) | 4 (3.7–4.4) | 5.1 (4.7–5.6) |
Health professional | 2.5 (2.3–2.7) | 3.7 (3.5–4) | 4.7 (4.4–5) |
Place of delivery | |||
Home delivery | 2.6 (2.3–2.9) | 4 (3.7–4.4) | 5.2 (4.8–5.6) |
Hospital/other | 2.6 (2.4–2.8) | 3.8 (3.6–4.1) | 4.8 (4.5–5) |
Antenatal care | |||
No | 4.9 (3.6–6.6) | 6.6 (5.1–8.5) | 7.4 (5.8–9.3) |
Yes | 1.7 (1.5–1.8) | 2.6 (2.4–2.7) | 3.1 (2.9–3.3) |
Contraceptive use | |||
Not using | 3 (2.8–3.2) | 4.6 (4.3–4.8) | 5.8 (5.6–6.2) |
Using | 2.1 (1.8–2.3)* | 3 (2.8–3.3)* | 3.7 (3.4–4)* |
Paternal Factors | |||
Husband/partner’s age | |||
< 29 years | 2.9 (2.5–3.3) | 4.1 (3.7–4.6) | 5.3 (4.8–5.8) |
30–39 years | 2.3 (2.1–2.6) | 3.7 (3.4–4) | 4.6 (4.2–5) |
40–49 years | 2.8 (2.4–3.2) | 4 (3.6–4.5) | 5 (4.5–5.5) |
50 plus years | 2.9 (2.3–3.7) | 4.3 (3.5–5.2) | 6 (5.1–7) |
Father’s working status | |||
No | 3.4 (2.3–5) | 4.9 (3.6–6.7) | 6.5 (5–8.3) |
Yes | 2.6 (2.4–2.8) | 3.9 (3.7–4.1) | 4.9 (4.7–5.2) |
Neonatal Factors | |||
Sex of child | |||
Male | 2.9 (2.7–3.1) | 4.3 (4–4.6) | 5.3 (5.1–5.7) |
Female | 2.3 (2.1–2.5) | 3.5 (3.3–3.8) | 4.5 (4.2–4.8) |
Size of child at birth | |||
Average or larger | 2.1 (1.9–2.3) | 3.4 (3.2–3.6) | 4.4 (4.2–4.6) |
Small or very small | 4.8 (4.2–5.3)* | 6.4 (5.8–7.1)* | 7.6 (7–8.3)* |
Don’t know | 12.2 (9.3–15.9)* | 13.1 (10.1–16.8)* | 14.6 (11.6–18.2)* |
Birth weight (g) | |||
< 2500 | 6.5 (5.5–7.5) | 8.9 (7.7–10.1) | 10.2 (9–11.6) |
2500–3500 | 1.5 (1.4–1.7)* | 2.7 (2.5–3)* | 3.6 (3.4–3.9)* |
> 3500 | 1.9 (1.6–2.3)* | 3.1 (2.7–3.6) | 4.2 (3.7–4.7) |
Not weighed | 3.8 (3.4–4.2) | 5.1 (4.7–5.6) | 6.3 (5.9–6.8) |
Don’t know | 16.3(12.8–20.5)* | 17.8(14.2–22.1) | 19.3(15.5–23.6) |
Birth order and interval | |||
2nd/3rd child, > 2 years | 2 (1.7–2.2) | 3.2 (2.9–3.5) | 4.1 (3.8–4.5) |
1st child | 3.3 (2.9–3.7) | 4.4 (4–4.9) | 5.4 (5–5.9) |
2nd/3rd child, ≤2 years | 2.6 (2.1–3.1) | 4 (3.4–4.6) | 5.2 (4.6–5.9) |
4th/higher child, > 2 years | 2.3 (2.1–2.6) | 3.6 (3.2–3.9) | 4.5 (4.2–4.9) |
4th/higher child, ≤2 years | 3.7 (3.2–4.3)* | 6 (5.3–6.8)* | 7.3 (6.5–8.1)* |