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Table 5 Unadjusted and adjusted regression analysis

From: Neonatal, infant, and child mortality among women exposed to intimate partner violence in East Africa: a multi-country analysis

 

Unadjusted and Adjusted Regression Analysis

Variable

Unadjusted Analysis

Adjusted Analysis

Neonatal

Mortality

Infant

Mortality

Under-five mortality

Neonatal

Mortality

Infant

Mortality

Under-five mortality

Intimate Partner Violence

 Mother experienced IPV

  No

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

  Yes

1.114 (0.744–1.668)

1.886 (1.639–1.930)*

1.976 (1.727–2.11)*

1.340 (1.408–2.222)*

1.999 (1.656–2.22)*

1.057 (1.01–1.550)*

 Residential area

  Urban

Ref

Ref

Ref

  

Ref

  Rural

1.860 (1.630–1.951)

1.807 (1.640–1.991)*

1.826 (1.71–1.916)**

  

1.704 (1.458–1.88)**

 Wealth index

  Poor

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

  

  Middle

0.84 (0.811–1.531)

0.970 (0.729–1.292)

0.960 (0.749–1.230)

0.965 (0.515–1.806)

  

  Rich

0.806 (0.798–1.532)

0.830 (0.879–1.452)

0.94 (0.793–1.259)

0.493 (0.270–0.902)*

  

 Mother’s age

   < 20 years

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

  

  20–29 years

1.549 (0.738–3.251)

1.584 (0.889–2.822)

1.694 (1.002–2.862)*

0.799 (0.247–2.585)

  

  30–49 years

1.684 (0.806–3.516)

1.551 (0.884–2.721)

1.654 (0.991–2.763)

1.157 (0.359–3.735)

  

 Mother’s age at first birth

   < 20 years

Ref

Ref

Ref

   

  20–29 years

1.321 (1.001–1.745)*

1.092 (0.866–1.377)

1.002 (0.812–1.236)

   

  30–49 years

1.902 (0.495–7.305)

1.481 (0.482–4.551)

1.275 (0.445–3.656)

   

 Mother’s religion

  Roman Catholic

Ref

Ref

Ref

   

  Protestant/Other Christian

1.000 (0.711–1.408)

1.057 (0.790–1.413)

1.095 (0.831–1.444)

   

  Muslim

1.223 (0.783–1.910)

1.133 (0.752–1.709)

1.124 (0.765–1.650)

   

No religion

1.189 (0.676–2.090)

0.962 (0.580–1.594)

1.031 (0.670–1.586)

   

 Mother’s education level

  No education

Ref

Ref

Ref

   

  Primary

1.016 (0.748–1.382)

1.159 (0.884–1.519)

1.212 (0.949–1.547)

   

  Secondary

0.826 (0.511–1.333)

1.117 (0.784–1.592)

1.063 (0.773–1.463)

   

  Higher

1.421 (0.722–2.796)

1.266 (0.702–2.283)

1.109 (0.634–1.939)

   

 Mother’s working status

  No

Ref

Ref

Ref

   

  Yes

1.006 (0.625–1.618)

1.022 (0.687–1.519)

1.051 (0.737–1.498)

   

 Mother’s mass media usage

  Yes

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

  Not at All

1.312 (0.970–1.775)

1.405 (1.096–1.803)*

1.186 (0.936–1.502)

2.715 (1.392–5.292)*

1.697 (1.001–2.877)*

1.599 (0.942–2.715)

Maternal Factors

 Desire for pregnancy

  Then

Ref

Ref

Ref

   

  Later

0.558 (0.339–0.921)*

0.682 (0.443–1.050)

0.681 (0.465–0.999)*

   

  No more

1.124 (0.656–1.927)

1.012 (0.632–1.621)

0.954 (0.618–1.473)

   

 Mother’s BMI

   < 18.5

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

   > =18.5

1.237 (0.734–2.086)

1.607 (1.015–2.545)*

1.572 (1.036–2.386)*

2.445 (1.071–5.583)*

2.668 (1.304–5.457)*

2.383 (1.206–4.710)*

 Mother giving sexual favors

  No

Ref

Ref

Ref

   

  Yes

1.245 (0.496–3.126)

1.255 (0.429–3.669)

1.147 (0.417–3.156)

   

Health System Factors

 Delivery by Caesarean section

  No

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

  

  Yes

1.551 (0.821–2.929)

1.351 (0.819–2.28)

1.332 (0.858–2.069)

2.108 (0.894–4.971)

  

 Delivery assistance

  Non-health professional

Ref

Ref

Ref

   

  Health professional

1.002 (0.740–1.357)

1.049 (0.823–1.337)

0.999 (0.805–1.240)

   

 Place of delivery

  Home delivery

Ref

Ref

Ref

   

  Hospital/other

0.996 (0.748–1.326)

1.030 (0.818–1.296)

0.967 (0.787–1.189)

   

 Antenatal care

  No

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

  Yes

0.258 (0.157–0.425)*

0.347 (0.229–0.525)*

0.368 (0.246–0.549)*

0.418 (0.200–0.875)*

0.528 (0.269–1.035)

0.614 (0.315–1.196)

 Contraceptive use

  Not using

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

  Using

0.683 (0.513–0.910)*

0.671 (0.534–0.841)*

0.622 (0.507–0.763)*

0.409 (0.248–0.673)*

0.404 (0.254–0.644)*

0.370 (0.233–0.589)*

Paternal Factors

 Husband/partner’s age

   < 29 years

Ref

Ref

Ref

   

  30–39 years

0.626 (0.342–1.146)

0.716 (0.438–1.170)

0.726 (0.467–1.127)

   

  40–49 years

0.758 (0.406–1.413)

0.761 (0.459–1.259)

0.734 (0.461–1.166)

   

  50 plus years

0.950 (0.449–2.007)

0.743 (0.387–1.427)

0.829 (0.469–1.464)

   

 Father’s working status

  No

Ref

Ref

Ref

   

  Yes

1.248 (0.402–3.874)

1.645 (0.604–4.484)

1.486 (0.596–3.700)

   

 Sex of child

  Male

Ref

Ref

Ref

   

  Female

0.837 (0.647–1.084)

0.852 (0.689–1.052)

0.897 (0.741–1.086)

   

 Size of child at birth

  Average or larger

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

  Small or very small

2.328 (1.555–3.487)*

1.703 (1.209–2.399)*

1.739 (1.263–2.394)*

2.202 (1.350–3.592)*

1.659 (1.047–2.630)*

1.564 (1.003–2.438)*

  Don’t know

4.925 (1.852–13.09)*

2.897 (1.110–7.560)*

2.610 (1.044–6.526)*

5.792 (1.730–19.39)*

4.288 (1.108–16.60)*

3.440 (0.883–13.39)

 Birth weight (Kg)

   < 2500

Ref

Ref

Ref

   

  2500–3500

0.226 (0.126–0.408)*

0.276 (0.145–0.526)*

0.273 (0.151–0.494)*

   

   > 3500

0.382 (0.147–0.994)*

0.556 (0.254–1.218)

0.530 (0.259–1.087)

   

  Not weighed

0.755 (0.402–1.417)

0.657 (0.343–1.259)

0.648 (0.360–1.167)

   

  Don’t know

3.781 (1.219–11.73)*

2.846 (0.954–8.492)

2.363 (0.816–6.841)

   

 Birth order and interval

  2nd/3rd child, > 2 years

Ref

Ref

Ref

  

Ref

  1st child

1.285 (0.937–1.761)

1.128 (0.842–1.513)

1.112 (0.848–1.459)

  

0.608 (0.309–1.195)

  2nd/3rd child, ≤2 years

0.990 (0.641–1.529)

0.966 (0.675–1.383)

0.932 (0.666–1.305)

  

0.615 (0.250–1.513)

  4th/higher child, > 2 years

1.028 (0.749–1.411)

0.941 (0.723–1.225)

0.978 (0.768–1.245)

  

1.075 (0.675–1.713)

  4th/higher child, ≤2 years

1.713 (1.203–2.439)*

1.824 (1.313–2.533)*

1.869 (1.377–2.537)*

  

1.945 (0.874–4.330)

  1. Two asterisks (**) denotes the p-value is <0.001, and one asterisk (*) denotes the p-value is <0.05
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