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Table 2 Multiple logistic regression model determining predictors for fistula symptoms (Nā€‰=ā€‰3939)

From: Prevalence and risk factors of obstetric fistula: implementation of a need-based preventive action plan in a South-eastern rural community of India

Characteristics

No Fistula symptoms N (%)

Fistula symptoms N (%)

AOR (95%)

P- value

Religion

ā€ƒHindu

2934 (76.3%)

912 (23.7%)

Ref

Ref

ā€ƒMuslim

68 (73.1%)

25 (26.9%)

1.05 (0.63ā€“1.73)

0.846

Education

ā€ƒGraduation

685 (75.8%)

219 (24.2%)

Ref

Ref

ā€ƒSecondary

1135 (76.2%)

354 (23.8%)

1.23 (0.98ā€“1.53)

0.063

ā€ƒPrimary

949 (82.5%)

202 (17.5%)

1.35 (1.01ā€“1.78)

0.036*

ā€ƒNo formal education

233 (59.0%)

162 (41.0%)

3.89 (2.86ā€“5.28)

0.000*

Husband level Education

ā€ƒGraduation

165 (73%)

61 (27%)

Ref

Ref

ā€ƒSecondary

1110 (78.6%)

302 (21.4%)

0.77 (0.53ā€“1.11)

0.168

ā€ƒPrimary

1224 (74.6%)

416 (25.4%)

0.69 (0.47ā€“1.03)

0.071

ā€ƒNo formal education

503 (76.1%)

158 (23.9%)

0.36 (0.24ā€“0.55)

0.000*

Family income

ā€ƒ<ā€‰5000

1972 (74.9%)

662 (25.1%)

0.40 (0.20ā€“0.82)

0.013*

ā€ƒ5000ā€“40,000

1006 (79.5%)

259 (20.5%)

0.51 (0.25ā€“1.03)

0.063

ā€ƒ>ā€‰40,000

24 (60.0%)

16 (40.0%)

Ref

Ref

Age at time of marriage

ā€ƒā‰„ā€‰18

2215 (77.3%)

651 (22.7%)

Ref

Ref

ā€ƒ<ā€‰18

787 (73.3%)

286 (26.7%)

0.97 (0.79ā€“1.19)

0.817

Age at 1st Delivery

ā€ƒā‰„ā€‰18

2607 (76.0%)

825 (24.0%)

Ref

Ref

ā€ƒ<ā€‰18

395 (77.9%)

112 (22.1%)

1.06 (0.78 1.45)

0.677

Number of Delivery

ā€ƒOne delivery

392 (83.6%)

77 (16.4%)

Ref

Ref

ā€ƒTwo delivery

1528 (84.1%)

289 (15.9%)

0.80 (0.59ā€“1.08)

0.149

ā€ƒThree delivery

1082 (65.5%)

571 (34.5%)

2.51 (1.86ā€“3.39)

0.000*

Number of Abortion

ā€ƒNo abortion

2969 (76.4%)

916 (23.9%)

Ref

Ref

ā€ƒā‰„ā€‰One abortion

33 (61.1%)

21 (38.9%)

2.04 (1.12ā€“3.71)

0.018*

Still birth

ā€ƒNo still birth

2978 (76.6%)

909 (23.4%)

Ref

Ref

ā€ƒā‰„ā€‰One still birth

24 (46.2%)

28 (53.8%)

2.44 (1.30ā€“4.57)

0.005*

Number of antenatal visit

Ā 

ā€ƒFour

1036 (83.2%)

209 (16.8%)

Ref

Ref

ā€ƒThree

539 (84.6%)

98 (15.4%)

0.92 (0.69ā€“1.22)

0.581

ā€ƒTwo

127 (79.9%)

32 (20.1%)

1.27 (0.82ā€“1.99)

0.276

ā€ƒā‰¤ā€‰One

1300 (68.5%)

598 (31.5%)

1.76 (1.36ā€“2.28)

0.000*

Place of Delivery

ā€ƒInstitute

1656 (82.8%)

344 (17.2%)

Ref

Ref

ā€ƒHome

1346 (69.4%)

593 (30.6%)

4.38 (2.31ā€“8.30)

0.000*

Walking distance from nearest health facilities

ā€ƒLess than half an hour

1545 (75.5%)

501 (24.5%)

Ref

Ref

ā€ƒLess than 1ā€‰h

1142 (77.3%)

335 (22.7%)

1.13 (0.94ā€“1.36)

0.177

ā€ƒMore than 2ā€‰h

315 (75.7%)

101 (24.3%)

1.78 (1.32ā€“2.40)

0.000*

Time of labor pain

ā€ƒ<ā€‰12ā€‰h

2744 (75.7%)

880 (24.3%)

Ref

Ref

ā€ƒ12ā€“24

76 (67.9%)

36 (32.1%)

1.43 (0.89ā€“2.28)

0.135

ā€ƒ>ā€‰24

182 (89.7%)

21 (10.3%)

0.15 (0.08ā€“0.26)

0.000*

Types of moves during labour

ā€ƒPlanned one move

1555 (83.4%)

310 (16.6%)

Ref

Ref

ā€ƒEmergency referred two move

42 (63.6%)

24 (36.4%)

1.52 (0.77ā€“3.02)

0.224

ā€ƒUnplanned ā‰„Two moves

80 (62.5%)

48 (37.5%)

2.49 (1.60ā€“3.89)

0.000*

ā€ƒTBA delivery

1325 (70.5%)

555 (29.5%)

0.35 (0.18ā€“0.67)

0.001*

  1. *significant