Author | Year | Design | Intervention/Control | Recruitment | PPD Time Period | Measure of postpartum depression | Results |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ding et al. [14] Origin: China | 2014 | Observational; prospective cohort | 107/107 | Patient decided to have ELA or no pain relief at all | 6 w | Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (cutoff score ≥ 10) | PPD was significantly less in LEA group (P < 0.001) |
Eckerdal et al. [15] Origin: Sweden | 2019 | Longitudinal cohort study | 800/703 | Patients recruited prior to delivery | 6 w | Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (cutoff score ≥ 12) | No difference between LEA and PPD |
Gaillard et al. [16] Origin: France | 2014 | Observational | 217/47 | Patients recruited prior to delivery | 8 w | Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (cutoff score ≥ 12) Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies | No difference between LEA and PPD |
Nahirney et al. [17] Origin: Canada | 2017 | Observational; prospective cohort | 88/107 | Patients recruited on post-delivery | 6 w | Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (cutoff score ≥ 10) | No difference between LEA and PPD |
Orbach-Zinger et al. [18] Origin: Israel | 2018 | Observational; prospective | 604/394 | Patients recruited on post-delivery day 1 | 6 w | Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (cutoff score ≥ 10) | No significant increase in PPD among LEA |
Riazanova et al. [19] Origin: Russia | 2018 | Observational | 107/103 | Patient decided to have ELA or no pain relief at all | 6 w | Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (cutoff score ≥ 10) | No significant increase in PPD among LEA |
Suhitharan et al. [20] Origin: USA | 2016 | Observational; case-control | 329/150 | Patients recruited in postnatal period (LEA or entonox/pethidine) | 8 w | Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (cutoff score ≥ 10) + DSM-IV Criteria Interview via psychiatrist | PPD was significantly less in LEA group (P < 0.008) |
Tobin et al. [21] Origin: USA | 2016 | Observational; prospective secondary analysis | 50/15 | Medical records reviewed for LEA/no LEA | 8 w | Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (cutoff score ≥ 10) | Epidural analgesia did not reduce occurrence of PPD. |
Zhang et al. [22] Origin: China | 2018 | Observational | 213/301 | Patients decided on 3 groups of pain relief; doula, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, or epidural analgesia. | 4 w | Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (cutoff score ≥ 10) | Epidural analgesia did not reduce occurrence of PPD. |