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Table 1 Summary of study characteristics included in analysis

From: The association between labor epidural analgesia and postpartum depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Author

Year

Design

Intervention/Control

Recruitment

PPD Time Period

Measure of postpartum depression

Results

Ding et al. [14]

Origin: China

2014

Observational; prospective cohort

107/107

Patient decided to have ELA or no pain relief at all

6 w

Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (cutoff score ≥ 10)

PPD was significantly less in LEA group (P < 0.001)

Eckerdal et al. [15]

Origin: Sweden

2019

Longitudinal cohort study

800/703

Patients recruited prior to delivery

6 w

Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (cutoff score ≥ 12)

No difference between LEA and PPD

Gaillard et al. [16]

Origin: France

2014

Observational

217/47

Patients recruited prior to delivery

8 w

Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (cutoff score ≥ 12) Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies

No difference between LEA and PPD

Nahirney et al. [17]

Origin: Canada

2017

Observational; prospective cohort

88/107

Patients recruited on post-delivery

6 w

Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (cutoff score ≥ 10)

No difference between LEA and PPD

Orbach-Zinger et al. [18]

Origin: Israel

2018

Observational; prospective

604/394

Patients recruited on post-delivery day 1

6 w

Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (cutoff score ≥ 10)

No significant increase in PPD among LEA

Riazanova et al. [19]

Origin: Russia

2018

Observational

107/103

Patient decided to have ELA or no pain relief at all

6 w

Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (cutoff score ≥ 10)

No significant increase in PPD among LEA

Suhitharan et al. [20]

Origin: USA

2016

Observational; case-control

329/150

Patients recruited in postnatal period (LEA or entonox/pethidine)

8 w

Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (cutoff score ≥ 10) + DSM-IV Criteria Interview via psychiatrist

PPD was significantly less in LEA group (P < 0.008)

Tobin et al. [21]

Origin: USA

2016

Observational; prospective secondary analysis

50/15

Medical records reviewed for LEA/no LEA

8 w

Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (cutoff score ≥ 10)

Epidural analgesia did not reduce occurrence of PPD.

Zhang et al. [22]

Origin: China

2018

Observational

213/301

Patients decided on 3 groups of pain relief; doula, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, or epidural analgesia.

4 w

Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (cutoff score ≥ 10)

Epidural analgesia did not reduce occurrence of PPD.