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Table 2 ORs of thyroid cancer associated with menstrual, reproductive and hormonal factors

From: Menstrual, reproductive and hormonal factors and thyroid cancer: a hospital-based case–control study in China

Factors

Cases

(N = 2261)

Controls (N = 2261)

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Model 4

OR

95% CI

OR

95% CI

OR

95% CI

OR

95% CI

Menstrual factors

          

Age at menarche (years)

          

 12

104

99

0.51

0.23–1.12

0.72

0.18–2.92

0.77

0.19–3.17

0.67

0.15–3.10

 13–14

974

995

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

 15–16

857

859

0.90

0.69–1.18

0.73

0.46–1.17

0.72

0.45–1.16

0.79

0.48–1.30

  ≥ 17

304

290

0.85

0.61–1.19

0.54

0.29–0.99

0.52

0.28–0.97

0.59

0.31–1.12

 P for trend

        

0.650

 

Had regular menstrual cycles

          

 No

187

182

1.27

0.82–1.96

0.66

0.32–1.40

0.63

0.30–1.34

0.61

0.28–1.35

 Yes

2054

2067

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Had dysmenorrhea

          

 No

1757

1719

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

 Yes

495

535

0.92

0.70–1.21

0.82

0.51–1.32

0.81

0.50–1.31

0.70

0.42–1.18

Age at menopause (years)

          

 44

68

64

0.97

0.60–1.58

1.08

0.49–2.39

1.03

0.46–2.30

0.98

0.42–2.29

 45–49

249

224

1.03

0.77–1.39

0.98

0.57–1.67

0.96

0.56–1.65

0.92

0.52–1.61

 50–51

307

315

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

 ≥ 52

307

303

1.07

0.82–1.39

0.90

0.57–1.41

0.86

0.54–1.36

0.89

0.55–1.44

 P for trend

        

0.496

 

Reproductive factors

          

Number of pregnancy

          

 1

613

631

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

 2

771

796

0.96

0.77–1.18

0.63

0.36–1.12

0.62

0.35–1.11

0.67

0.37–1.23

  ≥ 3

774

728

1.04

0.81–1.34

0.64

0.34–1.20

0.62

0.33–1.18

0.66

0.34–1.28

 P for trend

        

0.222

 

Age at first pregnancy (years)

          

 20

336

325

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

 20–25

1387

1354

0.99

0.78–1.25

1.03

0.63–1.69

1.03

0.63–1.70

0.96

0.57–1.61

 > 25

426

465

0.87

0.64–1.19

0.47

0.24–0.93

0.47

0.23–0.94

0.47

0.23–0.96

 P for trend

        

0.200

 

Outcome of the first pregnancy

          

 Live birth

1920

1946

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

 Miscarriage

81

80

1.13

0.78–1.64

0.93

0.37–2.33

0.94

0.37–2.35

0.85

0.33–2.20

 Abortion

125

95

1.39

0.99–1.96

0.81

0.31–2.07

0.78

0.30–2.03

0.80

0.30–2.09

 Stillbirth or ectopic

22

18

1.28

0.65–2.53

1.36

0.34–5.53

1.37

0.34–5.57

1.37

0.33–5.62

Age at last pregnancy (years)

          

 25

806

777

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

 25–30

883

924

0.97

0.81–1.17

1.17

0.76–1.81

1.17

0.75–1.81

1.21

0.77–1.90

 > 30

418

409

1.04

0.81–1.33

1.54

0.86–2.76

1.50

0.83–2.73

1.63

0.88–3.00

 P for trend

        

0.667

 

Duration of breast feeding (months)

          

 6

293

234

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

 6–12

1040

1087

0.69

0.55–0.88

0.52

0.26–1.03

0.53

0.27–1.05

0.49

0.24–0.98

 > 12

674

685

0.68

0.52–0.90

0.67

0.31–1.44

0.68

0.31–1.46

0.60

0.27–1.31

 P for trend

        

0.090

 

Hormonal factors

          

Oral contraceptive use

          

 No

1637

1667

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

 Yes

62

56

0.96

0.63–1.46

1.24

0.51–3.03

1.17

0.48–2.87

1.18

0.47–2.96

Hormone therapy use

          

 No

2204

2233

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

 Yes

57

28

2.16

1.13–4.14

2.24

0.53–9.56

2.06

0.47–9.06

1.47

0.30–7.38

Hysterectomy and oophorectomy status

          

 None

2107

2162

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

 Hysterectomy alone

119

74

1.71

1.19–2.46

1.36

0.74–2.52

1.37

0.74–2.54

1.45

0.77–2.73

 Oophorectomy alone

28

15

2.01

0.93–4.34

1.84

0.42–7.96

1.74

0.41–7.41

1.93

0.43–8.72

 Hysterectomy and oophorectomy

7

10

1.19

0.36–3.97

4.60

0.51–41.45

4.67

0.52–41.98

3.85

0.43–34.59

  1. Trend test was calculated using the linear-by-linear association chi square test
  2. OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval, Ref. reference
  3. Bold numbers represent significant results
  4. Model 1 only adjusted for age (continuous); Model 2 adjusted for model 1 plus socio-demographic characteristics including education level, average monthly household income, marriage status, and history of goiter and nodules; Model 3 adjusted for model 2 plus the health behavior of alcohol intake; Model 4 adjusted for model 3 plus body mass index