|
Parameter
|
Scores over menstrual cycle (mean ± SD)
|
Correlations with lifestyle factors (Pearson’s r)
|
|---|
|
Follicular day 7
|
Ovulation day 14
|
Luteal day 21
|
General health score†
|
Nutrition
|
Caffeine intake
|
Stress levels
|
Exercise frequency
|
Cosmetics use
|
Environment exposure time
|
|---|
|
day 7
|
day 14
|
day 7
|
day 14
|
day 7
|
day 14
|
day 7
|
day 14
|
day 7
|
day 14
|
day 7
|
day 14
|
day 7
|
day 14
|
|---|
|
OSDI (0–100)
|
11 ± 10
|
11 ± 11
|
13 ± 11
|
−0.07
|
0.05
|
0.11
|
−0.12
|
−0.31
|
−0.17
|
0.39*
|
0.26
|
− 0.26
|
− 0.14
|
− 0.02
|
− 0.02
|
− 0.07
|
− 0.12
|
|
OOC (0–100)
|
21 ± 20**
|
26 ± 23
|
33 ± 23**
|
0.05
|
0.40*
|
−0.05
|
− 0.25
|
−0.11
|
0.05
|
0.07
|
−0.10
|
0.32
|
−0.21
|
−0.27
|
− 0.23
|
−0.07
|
0.04
|
|
Bulbar Hyperaemia (0–4)
|
1.1 ± 0.5
|
1.1 ± 0.5
|
1.1 ± 0.5
|
0.25
|
0.20
|
−0.03
|
− 0.03
|
0.34
|
0.27
|
0.07
|
−0.07
|
−0.07
|
− 0.15
|
0.27
|
0.30
|
−0.43*
|
− 0.05
|
|
Limbal Hyperemia (0–4)
|
0.7 ± 0.5
|
0.7 ± 0.5
|
0.7 ± 0.4
|
0.15
|
0.10
|
−0.11
|
− 0.01
|
0.34
|
0.09
|
0.38
|
0.04
|
0.06
|
−0.26
|
0.06
|
0.30
|
−0.36
|
−0.23
|
|
Blepharitis (0–4)
|
0.2 ± 0.2**
|
0.2 ± 0.2
|
0.4 ± 0.3**
|
0.23
|
−0.21
|
− 0.02
|
−0.13
|
0.34
|
−0.04
|
0.22
|
−0.13
|
0.00
|
0.08
|
0.25
|
−0.04
|
−0.25
|
− 0.33
|
|
MGD (0–4)
|
0.5 ± 0.6
|
0.4 ± 0.4*
|
0.8 ± 0.5*
|
0.07
|
−0.19
|
− 0.00
|
−0.25
|
0.12
|
−0.24
|
0.24
|
0.01
|
0.00
|
0.11
|
0.22
|
0.25
|
−0.57*
|
−0.04
|
|
Corneal Staining (0–4)
|
0.6 ± 0.6
|
0.6 ± 0.6
|
0.7 ± 0.6
|
−0.02
|
0.04
|
0.05
|
−0.22
|
−0.04
|
− 0.01
|
−0.09
|
− 0.12
|
−0.04
|
0.21
|
−0.03
|
0.34
|
−0.40*
|
0.05
|
|
Papillae (0–4)
|
1.1 ± 0.9
|
0.9 ± 0.7
|
1.0 ± 0.6
|
0.00
|
0.15
|
−0.14
|
− 0.19
|
−0.00
|
− 0.10
|
−0.24
|
0.19
|
0.07
|
0.17
|
−0.44*
|
0.21
|
−0.28
|
0.00
|
|
TBUT (s)
|
5.8 ± 2.9
|
5.4 ± 2.8
|
4.8 ± 2.3
|
−0.21
|
− 0.23
|
−0.34
|
− 0.02
|
0.11
|
0.45*
|
−0.30
|
− 0.08
|
−0.10
|
− 0.20
|
−0.04
|
− 0.23
|
−0.18
|
− 0.08
|
|
PRT (mm/s)
|
18 ± 5
|
19 ± 5*
|
16 ± 7*
|
−0.16
|
− 0.04
|
−0.44*
|
− 0.05
|
0.32
|
0.48*
|
0.01
|
0.35
|
−0.15
|
−0.43*
|
0.20
|
−0.02
|
− 0.04
|
−0.18
|
- Results of the ocular surface assessment are expressed as mean ± SD. A two-tailed ⍺ = 0.05 level of significance was considered for all analyses. *Significant difference of day 14 vs 21; **day 7 vs 21. Lower values of lifestyle factor indicated healthier choices. Pearson correlation was used to determine the correlation between lifestyle factors and sign/symptoms of dry eye. Significant correlations are starred *p < 0.05.†general health scores were obtained only at baseline (day 14 represents the values of parameters taken at day 14)
- OSDI ocular surface disease index, OOC overall ocular comfort, TBUT tear break-up time, PRT phenol red thread, MGD meibomian gland dysfunction
- Significance changes and associations are shown in bold
