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Table 2 Clinical ocular surface characteristics across the menstrual cycle and the association with lifestyle factor scores

From: Associations between the menstrual cycle, lifestyle factors and clinical assessment of the ocular surface: a prospective observational study

Parameter

Scores over menstrual cycle (mean ± SD)

Correlations with lifestyle factors (Pearson’s r)

Follicular day 7

Ovulation day 14

Luteal day 21

General health score†

Nutrition

Caffeine intake

Stress levels

Exercise frequency

Cosmetics use

Environment exposure time

day 7

day 14

day 7

day 14

day 7

day 14

day 7

day 14

day 7

day 14

day 7

day 14

day 7

day 14

OSDI (0–100)

11 ± 10

11 ± 11

13 ± 11

−0.07

0.05

0.11

−0.12

−0.31

−0.17

0.39*

0.26

− 0.26

− 0.14

− 0.02

− 0.02

− 0.07

− 0.12

OOC (0–100)

21 ± 20**

26 ± 23

33 ± 23**

0.05

0.40*

−0.05

− 0.25

−0.11

0.05

0.07

−0.10

0.32

−0.21

−0.27

− 0.23

−0.07

0.04

Bulbar Hyperaemia (0–4)

1.1 ± 0.5

1.1 ± 0.5

1.1 ± 0.5

0.25

0.20

−0.03

− 0.03

0.34

0.27

0.07

−0.07

−0.07

− 0.15

0.27

0.30

−0.43*

− 0.05

Limbal Hyperemia (0–4)

0.7 ± 0.5

0.7 ± 0.5

0.7 ± 0.4

0.15

0.10

−0.11

− 0.01

0.34

0.09

0.38

0.04

0.06

−0.26

0.06

0.30

−0.36

−0.23

Blepharitis (0–4)

0.2 ± 0.2**

0.2 ± 0.2

0.4 ± 0.3**

0.23

−0.21

− 0.02

−0.13

0.34

−0.04

0.22

−0.13

0.00

0.08

0.25

−0.04

−0.25

− 0.33

MGD (0–4)

0.5 ± 0.6

0.4 ± 0.4*

0.8 ± 0.5*

0.07

−0.19

− 0.00

−0.25

0.12

−0.24

0.24

0.01

0.00

0.11

0.22

0.25

−0.57*

−0.04

Corneal Staining (0–4)

0.6 ± 0.6

0.6 ± 0.6

0.7 ± 0.6

−0.02

0.04

0.05

−0.22

−0.04

− 0.01

−0.09

− 0.12

−0.04

0.21

−0.03

0.34

−0.40*

0.05

Papillae (0–4)

1.1 ± 0.9

0.9 ± 0.7

1.0 ± 0.6

0.00

0.15

−0.14

− 0.19

−0.00

− 0.10

−0.24

0.19

0.07

0.17

−0.44*

0.21

−0.28

0.00

TBUT (s)

5.8 ± 2.9

5.4 ± 2.8

4.8 ± 2.3

−0.21

− 0.23

−0.34

− 0.02

0.11

0.45*

−0.30

− 0.08

−0.10

− 0.20

−0.04

− 0.23

−0.18

− 0.08

PRT (mm/s)

18 ± 5

19 ± 5*

16 ± 7*

−0.16

− 0.04

−0.44*

− 0.05

0.32

0.48*

0.01

0.35

−0.15

−0.43*

0.20

−0.02

− 0.04

−0.18

  1. Results of the ocular surface assessment are expressed as mean ± SD. A two-tailed ⍺ = 0.05 level of significance was considered for all analyses. *Significant difference of day 14 vs 21; **day 7 vs 21. Lower values of lifestyle factor indicated healthier choices. Pearson correlation was used to determine the correlation between lifestyle factors and sign/symptoms of dry eye. Significant correlations are starred *p < 0.05.†general health scores were obtained only at baseline (day 14 represents the values of parameters taken at day 14)
  2. OSDI ocular surface disease index, OOC overall ocular comfort, TBUT tear break-up time, PRT phenol red thread, MGD meibomian gland dysfunction
  3. Significance changes and associations are shown in bold
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BMC Women's Health

ISSN: 1472-6874

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