Author, year, country; | Participants | Age | Periodontal Evaluation | Administration | Statitic analysis | Results | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type of study | Study site | Sample size | ||||||
Smadi and Zakarya [20]; Jordan | Case Control | Ginecology Clinic at the Islamic Hospital | (281) Case Group (142) Control Group (139) | Mean: Case Group (26.7 ± 7.5) Control Group (24.5 ± 6.9) | OHI-S, SBI, CAL, GI (number of teeth examined) | Oral | Student’s t‑test | There was statistically significant difference in all evaluated clinical parameters among groups OHI-S (p = 0.002), GI (p = 0.001), SBI (p = 0.001), CAL (p = 003) |
Farhad et al. [19]. Iran | Case control | Azad Dental School of Khorasgan | (60) Case group (35) Case Control (25) | Mean: 28.5 years | PD, CAL, PI, BOP | Oral | Student’s t-test and Mann–Whitney test | Only PI did not show statistically significant difference among groups (p < 0.05) |
Abd-Ali [21] | Case Control | Hospital of collage of Al-Mustansiri | (80) Case group (40) Control group (40) | Mean ± SD Case Group 29.15 ± 5.83 Control Group 28.45 ± 3.75 | GI (GI of Loe and Silness (39)) Niveis de IgA | Oral | Simple linear regression | Gingival index was significantly higher among oral contraceptive users than non-users (p < 0.01) |
Domingues; Ferraz. et al. [23]; Brazil | Case Control | Bauru School of Dentistry, Universaty of São Paulo, Brazil | (50) Case Group (25) Control Group (25) | Mean: 24 years | PD, CAL, SBI and Pl.I | Oral | unpaired t, Pearson’s correlation test, Spearman’s correlation test for non-linear measurements | The test group showed increased PD (p < 0.0001) and SBI (p < 0.0001) as compared to controls. No significant differences between groups were found in CAL (p = 0.11). The control group showed greater Pl.I than the test group (p < 0.0001) |
Brusca et al. [22]; Argentina | Case Control | University and private clinic offices | (92) Case Group (41) Control group (51) | Mean ± SD 30.34 ± 6.2 Years | GI, PI, PD, CAL | Oral | Chi-square test | Contraceptive users, particularly smokers, demonstrated a statistically significant higher prevalence of severe periodontitis (p < 0.01) and deeper probing depths ≥ 5 mm) than non-users. Moreover, contraceptive users presented higher GI scores and CAL, ≥ 2 and, ≥ 5 mm, respectively, than non-users (p < 0.01) |
Haerian-Ardakan et al. [24]; Iran | Case Control | Kasturba Medical College | (60) Case group (35) Control Group (25) | Mean: 24 years | PD, BOP, PI, CAL | Oral | Mann–Whitney and t-test, p < 0.05 | A statistically significant difference in GI and BOP was observed (p < 0.0001) |
Vijay et al. [24], Índia | Case Control | Kasturba Medical College | (65) Case group (43) Control group (22) | Mean ± SD Case Group I: 26.94 ± 3.28 II: 29.05 ± 2.04 III: 30.75 ± 2.06 Control Group: 25.09 ± 3.26 | PI (Silness e Loe) PI (Russel), Radiographic paramaters | Oral | Student’s t’s test | Statistically significant difference was observed in all parameters (p < 000.1) |
Kazerooni et al. [30]; Iran | Cross-sectional | (148) Case Group (101) Control group (47) | PD | Levonorgestrel Implants | Mann–Whitney test, test V2 | In the study group, the pocket depth around the distal (p = 0.001) and middle (p = 0.001) aspects of the anterior teeth and the middle aspect of the premolars (p = 0.02) was significantly increased at 6 months. In comparison with the control group, except around the distal aspect of the premolars (p = 0.09) and the mesial aspect of the anterior teeth (p = 0.07), pocket depth was significantly increased in the study group | ||
Seck et al. [34]; França | Case Control | Centre de Soins Integres Abass Ndao | (200) Case Group (100) Control Group (100) | 15–45 years | PI (Loe and Silness), GI (Loe & Silness), PD, CAL | Oral, Injectable, implants | Wilcoxon test | With equal hygiene, the scores of the gingival index were significantly higher among women under contraceptive (p < 0.001). Inflammation was significantly more marked for the women Who used contraception in injectable form compared to the control group (p < 0.001). Probing depth and clinical attachment loss were significantly higher among women under contraceptive (p < 0.001) |
Mullualy et al. [32]; Irlanda do Norte | Case Control | University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Irland | (42) Case group (21) Control Group (21) | Mean: 26.5 years | GI (GI of Loe and Siiness (39)), PI, BOP, PD, CAL | Oral | ANOVA Regression analysis | Current pill users had deeper mean probing depths compared to nonusers (p = 0.006) and more severe attachment loss p = 0.015). Pill users had more sites with bleeding on probing (p = 0.017) |
Taichman et al. [35] | Cross-sectional | First and third National Health and Nutrtion Examination Suryeys (NHANES I and NHANES III) | NHANES I: (4413) Case Group: (3307) NHANES II: 4169 Case group: (842) Control Group: (3327) | Mean: 33.5 years | PI, OHI-S, CAL, PD | Oral | Logistic regression multivariable | Premenopausal women who use HC are more likely to present severe gingivitis and periodontitis (p < 0.05). However, in the postmenopausal phase it was reported that estrogen supplementation would be associated with improved gingival health |
Tilakaratne et al. [36]; London | Case Control | University Of Peradeniya. Sri-Lanka; | (88) Case group (49) Control group (39) | Mean: 26.5 years | PI, GI, CAL | Oral and injetable | one-way ANOVA | The contraceptive users had a significantly higher level of GI and CAL, compared to the non-users (p, 0.001) |
Jensen et al. [28]; EUA | Case control | University of Minnesota Obstetrics and Gynecological Clinic | (104) Case group-NPP (50) Control Group- NP: (54) | Mean: 29 years | GI,GCF, DP | Oral | Kornman and Loesche | There was not statistical difference among groups in all parameters (p > 0.05) |
Pankhurst et al. [33]; London | Case control | Margaret Pyke Centre London | (151) Case group (112) Control group (39) | Mean: 29 years | % PI, GI, CAL, PD | Oral | Two-way analysis of variance | A statistically significant higher gingival inflammation was observed and related to the duration of drug therapy. There were no significant differences in CAL between groups |
Kalkawarf [29]; EUA | Case control | Dentustry clinic of the University of Nebraska College of Dentistry | (189) Case group (114) Control Group (75) | Mean: 26.5 Years | Mean Oral Debris Index an a mean Gingival Inflammatory Index | Oral | Mean ± SD | The use of different hormonal contraceptives is associated with different degrees of gingival inflammation depending on the concentration of progesterone and estrogen (p < 0.001) |
Grower et al. [27]; EUA | Case control | (12) Case group (05) Control group (07) | Mean: 26.6 Years | PI, GI | Oral | Mean ± SD, Mann, Whitney U-test | There was not statistically significant difference among all parameters (p > 0.05) | |
Knight et al. [31]; Reino Unido | Case Control | Margaret Pyke Centre Of The Family in London | (171) Case group (89) Control group (72) | Mean: 17–23 years | PI, GI, CAL | Oral | Student’s t test | A statistically significant difference was observed only in GI (p < 000.1) |
El-Ashiry et al. [26]; Egypt | Cross-sectional | University School of Dentistry, Cairo, Egypt | (120) Case group (70) Control group (50) | Mean: 28.5 years | Gengival Mean Calculus Scores | Oral | Gingival mean, Calculus Scores and T test | The highest effects of HC are observed during the first 3 months and gingival exudate only increases during the first 6 months, due to the greater release of mast cells during this period of HC intake (p < 0.01) |