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Table 3 Quality assessment according to Fowkes and Fulton [13]

From: Is the use of contraceptives associated with periodontal diseases? A systematic review and meta-analyses

Guideline

Verification list

Smadi et al. [20]

Farhard et al. [19]

Abd-Ali et al. [21]

Domingues et al. [23]

Brusca et al. [22]

Haerian-Ardakani Et al. [24]

Vijai et al. [24]

Kazerooni et al. [30]

Seck et al. [34]

Mullally et al. [32]

Tiachman et al. [35]

Tilakaratne et al. [36]

Jensen et al. [28]

Pankhurst et al. [33]

Kalkawarf et al. [29]

Grower et al. [27]

Knight et al. [31]

Elashiry et al. [26]

Study design appropriate to objectives?

Objective common design

  

 

Prevalence Cross-sectional

  

 

0

Prognosis Cohort

  

 

 

Treatment controled trial

  

 

Cause Cohort, case–control, cross-sectional

0

X

X

0

0

0

 

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Study sample representative?

Source of sample

 + 

0

0

++

0

0

0

 + 

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

++

0

0

Sampling method

 + 

0

0

++

 + 

 + 

++

 + 

 + 

 + 

0

 + 

 + 

++

 + 

++

 + 

++

Sample size

 + 

++

0

++

 + 

 + 

 + 

 + 

 + 

++

0

++

++

 + 

0

++

 + 

0

Entry criteria/exclusion

0

0

0

0

0

0

++

++

 + 

0

0

0

++

0

0

++

0

0

Non-respondents

 + 

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

 + 

0

0

0

Control group acceptable?

Definition of controls

0

0

++

0

0

0

 + 

 + 

0

 + 

0

0

0

0

0

++

0

0

Source of controls

0

++

0

0

0

0

0

0

 + 

0

0

0

0

0

0

++

0

0

Matching/randomization

 + 

++

++

 + 

++

 + 

++

++

 + 

++

0

 + 

 + 

++

++

++

 + 

++

Comparable characteristics

0

++

++

++

++

 + 

++

++

0

++

0

0

++

++

++

++

0

0

Quality of measurements and outcomes?

Validity

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Reproducibility

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Blinding

++

++

++

++

++

++

++

++

++

 + 

++

0

++

 + 

++

++

++

++

Quality control

0

 + 

 + 

0

0

0

++

++

 + 

0

0

0

0

0

0

 + 

0

0

Completeness

Compliance

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

 + 

0

0

0

Drop outs

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

 + 

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Deaths

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Missing data

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

 + 

0

0

 + 

++

++

0

 + 

Distortion influences?

Extraneous treatments

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

++

0

++

0

0

 + 

0

0

Contamination

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Changes over time

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Confounding factors

 + 

0

0

 + 

0

0

 + 

++

 + 

 + 

 

++

0

 + 

 + 

++

0

Distortion reduces by analysis

0

++

 

0

0

0

++

++

++

0

0

0

0

 + 

++

++

0

Summary questions

Bias: are the results erroneously biased in certain direction?

No

No

No

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

No

No

Yes

No

No

Yes

No

No

Confusion: Are there any serious confusing or other distorting influences?

No

Yes

No

Yes

No

No

Yes

Yes

No

No

No

No

Yes

No

No

Yes

No

No

Chances: Is it likely that the results occurred by chance?

No

No

No

Yes

No

No

No

Yes

No

No

No

No

Yes

No

No

Yes

No

No

  1. 0 = No problem; + = Minor problem; ++ = Major problem; NA = not applicable