Women’s empowerment and child growth faltering in Ethiopia: evidence from the Demographic and Health Survey

BMC Women's Health

Table 3 Fixed and random effect of the model to assess the relationship between women’s empowerment and child growth faltering in Ethiopia, 2016 EDHS

Domains of women’s empowerment	Growth faltering indicators (child nutritional status)
	Stunting (n = 8076)		Wasting (n = 8142)		Underweight (n = 8241)
	Crude odds ratio	P value	Crude odds ratio	P value	Crude odds ratio	P value
Attitude to violence	0.85 (0.71, 0.88)	< 0.001	0.91 (0.86, 0.97)	0.004	0.84 (0.80, 0.88)	< 0.001
Social independence	0.81 (0.78, 0.86)	< 0.001	0.86 (0.81, 0.93)	< 0.001	0.77 (0.73, 0.81)	< 0.001
Decision-making	0.86 (0.81, 0.91)	< 0.001	0.95 (0.87, 1.03)	0.213	0.82 (0.77, 0.88)	< 0.001

	Adjusted odds ratio	P value	Adjusted odds ratio	P value	Adjusted odds ratio	P value
	¹Multivariable logistic regression without random effect^R
Attitude to violence	0.92 (0.88, 0.96)	< 0.001	0.96 (0.90, 1.03)	0.333	0.93 (0.89, 0.98)	0.008
Social independence	0.95 (0.89, 0.99)	0.049	0.95 (0.88, 1.03)	0.494	0.91 (0.86, 0.97)	0.002
Decision-making	0.93 (0.87, 0.99)	0.023	1.03 (0.95, 1.13)	0.246	0.92 (0.86, 0.99)	0.020
	²Multivariable logistic regression with cluster-level random effect^R
Attitude to violence	0.91 (0.87, 0.96)	< 0.001	0.97 (0.90, 1.04)	0.371	0.93 (0.89, 0.99)	0.015
Social independence	0.96 (0.90, 1.01)	0.138	0.96 (0.88, 1.04)	0.299	0.92 (0.86, 0.99)	0.017
Decision-making	0.94 (0.88, 1.01)	0.088	1.01 (0.92, 1.11)	0.782	0.92 (0.85, 0.98)	0.017

^RAdjusted for child-related factors (sex, age, acute respiratory infection, diarrhoea, and birth interval), maternal factors (body max index, stature (height), and smoking status), household and environmental-related factors (source of drinking water, sanitation facility, type of cooking fuel, wealth index, and location of the cluster), and to one another
¹Model without random effect, but used CI that accounted for the highest level of clustering (e.g. survey cluster)
²Model with cluster-level (primary sampling point) random effect

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