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Table 2 Associations between mean serum antioxidant and F2-isoprostane concentrations and presence of any moderate or severe PMS symptoms per cycle by symptom type

From: Serum antioxidant vitamin concentrations and oxidative stress markers associated with symptoms and severity of premenstrual syndrome: a prospective cohort study

 

# Cycles with moderate/severe symptoms (%)

Vitamin A (ug/dL)

Vitamin C (ug/dL)

α-tocopherol (ug/dL)

γ-tocopherol (ug/dL)

F2-isoprostane (pg/mL)

OR (95% CI), per ug/dL

OR (95% CI), per ug/dL

OR (95% CI), per ug/dL

OR (95% CI), per ug/dL

OR (95% CI), per 10 pg/dL

Depression

 Sadness

72 (14)

0.43 (0.02, 10.71)

1.12 (0.69, 1.83)

1.03 (0.91, 1.16)

0.86 (0.51, 1.46)

1.07 (0.99, 1.16)

 Crying spells

42 (8)

0.02 (0.00004, 11.30)

0.70 (0.34, 1.42)

0.99 (0.82, 1.19)

0.97 (0.49, 1.91)

1.11 (1.02, 1.20)a

 Anger

116 (23)

0.30 (0.01, 9.38)

0.98 (0.63, 1.52)

0.93 (0.83, 1.04)

0.91 (0.60, 1.39)

1.17 (1.05, 1.29)a

Anxiety

 Nervousness

103 (21)

0.32 (0.01, 9.50)

1.26 (0.77, 2.07)

1.00 (0.89, 1.12)

0.76 (0.50, 1.15)

1.02 (0.91, 1.14)

 Insomnia

33 (7)

8.72 (0.10, 796.01)

2.11 (0.90, 4.91)

1.19 (1.003, 1.41)a

0.97 (0.49, 1.89)

0.92 (0.73, 1.16)

 Tension

165 (33)

0.25 (0.01, 4.96)

0.70 (0.46, 1.08)

0.92 (0.84, 1.02)

0.89 (0.63, 1.26)

1.11 (1.03, 1.19)a

Hydration

 Abdominal bloating

188 (38)

0.05 (0.003, 0.93)a

0.96 (0.61, 1.52)

0.92 (0.84, 1.02)

0.77 (0.52, 1.15)

1.01 (0.95, 1.06)

Cravings

 Chocolate

119 (24)

0.08 (0.004, 1.57)

0.81 (0.49, 1.32)

1.03 (0.91, 1.16)

0.82 (0.55, 1.24)

1.10 (1.02, 1.18)a

 Sweets

112 (22)

0.26 (0.01, 6.01)

0.85 (0.53, 1.39)

1.05 (0.97, 1.13)

0.79 (0.52, 1.19)

1.08 (0.99, 1.19)

 Salty

72 (14)

12.63 (0.39, 409.03)

1.05 (0.60, 1.85)

0.98 (0.87, 1.11)

1.28 (0.73, 2.22)

1.07 (1.01, 1.13)a

 Other food

49 (10)

0.13 (0.001, 15.18)

0.78 (0.39, 1.52)

1.01 (0.90, 1.14)

0.82 (0.50, 1.36)

1.32 (1.12, 1.57)a

Pain

 Breast tenderness

139 (28)

0.10 (0.004, 2.5)

0.76 (0.41, 1.38)

0.98 (0.90, 1.08)

0.88 (0.57, 1.34)

0.90 (0.79, 1.04)

 Lower abdominal cramping

209 (42)

0.06 (0.005, 0.90)a

1.04 (0.70, 1.56)

0.98 (0.89, 1.07)

0.72 (0.51, 1.01)

1.06 (0.95, 1.18)

 General aches

89 (18)

0.35 (0.01, 13.04)

1.06 (0.53, 2.09)

0.98 (0.85, 1.12)

0.65 (0.40, 1.07)

1.00 (0.94, 1.06)

 Backache

119 (24)

0.15 (0.005, 4.62)

1.02 (0.55, 1.89)

0.93 (0.81, 1.07)

0.77 (0.49, 1.21)

1.01 (0.96, 1.07)

 Headache

97 (19)

2.33 (0.11, 49.33)

1.04 (0.61, 1.77)

1.00 (0.92, 1.09)

1.04 (0.67, 1.61)

1.04 (0.96, 1.13)

Other

 Acne outbreak

85 (17)

0.15 (0.005, 6.60)

1.37 (0.76, 2.49)

0.96 (0.84, 1.10)

0.64 (0.39, 1.04)

1.09 (1.003, 1.18)a

 Change in appetite

97 (19)

0.02 (0.0004, 1.26)

1.06 (0.61, 1.83)

0.97 (0.87, 1.09)

0.70 (0.45, 1.09)

1.08 (1.01, 1.16)a

 Fatigue

122 (24)

0.34 (0.01, 8.19)

1.12 (0.69, 1.83)

0.99 (0.89, 1.10)

0.81 (0.55, 1.21)

1.03 (0.96, 1.10)

 Swelling of hands/feet

32 (6)

0.0008 (0.000001, 0.5)a

1.38 (0.66, 2.89)

0.92 (0.75, 1.13)

0.33 (0.16, 0.65)a

0.94 (0.72, 1.21)

  1. Adjusted for energy intake, age, BMI, race, physical activity, smoking, alcohol intake, and pain reliever use. Bold indicates statistically significant after adjusting for multiple comparisons using the False Discovery Rate
  2. aIndicates statistical significance at the 0.05 level