Table 1 Participants’ baseline characteristics by grip strength
Grip strength | Normal (N = 3645) | Impaired (N = 580) | p |
|---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 47.6 ± 10.5 | 54.7 ± 13.0 | < 0.001 |
Height, cm | 158.1 ± 5.4 | 154.7 ± 5.8 | < 0.001 |
Weight, kg | 59.1 ± 8.6 | 57.4 ± 8.0 | < 0.001 |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | 23.7 ± 3.3 | 24.0 ± 3.3 | 0.016 |
Waist circumference, cm | 79.8 ± 8.5 | 81.3 ± 8.7 | < 0.001 |
Body fat, % | 33.0 ± 6.0 | 35.1 ± 6.2 | < 0.001 |
Albumin, g/dL | 4.2 ± 0.2 | 4.1 ± 0.2 | 0.005 |
Uric acid, mg/dL | 4.6 ± 1.0 | 4.7 ± 1.0 | 0.002 |
HbA1C, % | 5.5 ± 0.6 | 5.7 ± 0.7 | < 0.001 |
HOMA-IR | 1.6 ± 1.2 | 1.7 ± 1.8 | 0.037 |
TSH, µIU/mL | 2.2 ± 1.7 | 2.1 ± 1.3 | 0.020 |
25-OH-vitamin D, ng/mL | 19.9 ± 10.4 | 20.9 ± 10.8 | 0.054 |
Hypertension | 339 (9.3) | 92 (15.9) | < 0.001 |
Diabetes | 89 (2.4) | 34 (5.9) | < 0.001 |
Dyslipidemia | 270 (7.4) | 65 (11.2) | 0.002 |
Current smoker | 136 (3.7) | 37 (6.4) | 0.010 |
Alcohol consumption | 481 (13.2) | 59 (10.2) | 0.050 |
Regular exercise | 826 (22.7) | 104 (17.9%) | 0.012 |
Stressa | 0.001 | ||
Low | 1897 (52.0) | 287 (49.5) | |
Moderate | 1457 (40.0) | 220 (37.9) | |
High | 291 (8.0) | 73 (12.6) | |
Daytime frequency | 1106 (30.3) | 194 (33.4) | 0.145 |
Nocturia | 1935 (53.1) | 378 (65.2) | < 0.001 |
Urgency | 320 (8.8) | 109 (18.8) | < 0.001 |
Incontinence | 329 (9.0) | 93 (16.0) | < 0.001 |
Overactive bladder | < 0.001 | ||
None | 3339 (91.6) | 473 (81.6) | |
Mild | 169 (4.6) | 48 (8.3) | |
Moderate | 131 (3.6) | 54 (9.3) | |
Severe | 6 (0.2) | 5 (0.9) |