From: Breastfeeding history and the risk of overweight and obesity in middle-aged women
Variables | BMI | %BF | WHtR | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
< 25 kg/m2 | ≥ 25 kg/m2 | p | ≤ 35% | > 35% | p | < 0.5 | ≥ 0.5 | p | |
n = 815 | n = 1233 | n = 1094 | n = 954 | n = 803 | n = 1245 | ||||
Age, X ± SD | 48.98 ± 3.02 | 50.02 ± 3.22 | < 0.001a | 49.22 ± 3.08 | 50.05 ± 3.23 | < 0.001a | 48.92 (3.02) | 50.05 (3.20) | < 0.001a |
Years of education, X ± SD | 14.68 ± 3.06 | 13.80 ± 3.15 | < 0.001a | 14.51 ± 3.11 | 13.73 ± 3.13 | < 0.001a | 14.92 (2.97) | 13.65 (3.15) | < 0.001a |
Place of living, N (%) | |||||||||
City | 517 (63.44) | 663 (53.77) | < 0.001b | 670 (61.24) | 510 (53.46) | < 0.001b | 541 (67.37) | 639 (51.33) | < 0.001b |
Village | 298 (36.56) | 570 (46.23) | 424 (38.76) | 444 (46.54) | 262 (32.63) | 606 (48.67) | |||
Marital status, N (%) | |||||||||
Single | 159 (19.51) | 177 (14.36) | 0.002b | 197 (18.01) | 139 (14.57) | 0.036b | 151 (18.80) | 185 (14.86) | 0.019b |
Married | 656 (80.49) | 1056 (85.64) | 897 (81.99) | 815 (85.43) | 652 (81.20) | 1060 (85.14) | |||
Physical activity (MET/min/day−1) X ± SD | |||||||||
Moderate-to-Vigorous | 495.57 ± 499.05 | 510.56 ± 500.87 | 0.352a | 505.11 ± 503.18 | 504.00 ± 496.76 | 0.686a | 487.00 ± 484.55 | 515.94 ± 509.71 | 0.253a |
Light | 253.82 ± 228.54 | 237.84 ± 228.99 | 0.050a | 253.22 ± 228.92 | 233.85 ± 228.53 | 0.020a | 257.65 ± 234.57 | 235.52 ± 224.82 | 0.019 a |
Sitting time (min/day) X ± SD | 307.94 ± 139.99 | 310.84 ± 141.81 | 0.747a | 307.19 ± 140.02 | 312.55 ± 142.26 | 0.426a | 316.44 ± 141.92 | 305.33 ± 140.39 | 0.055a |
Fats (servings/day) X ± SD | 2.87 ± 1.94 | 2.76 ± 1.99 | 0.071a | 2.87 ± 1.94 | 2.73 ± 2.00 | 0.044a | 2.82 ± 1.92 | 2.79 ± 2.00 | 0.399 a |
Sweets (servings/day) X ± SD | 3.62 ± 3.27 | 3.20 ± 3.01 | 0.004a | 3.54 ± 3.17 | 3.17 ± 3.05 | 0.004a | 3.37 ± 3.18 | 3.36 ± 3.08 | 0.898 a |
Whole grains (servings/day) X ± SD | 2.01 ± 2.18 | 1.86 ± 2.01 | 0.526a | 1.93 ± 2.14 | 1.90 ± 2.01 | 0.370a | 2.12 ± 2.19 | 1.79 ± 2.00 | 0.001a |
Smoking, N (%) | |||||||||
Current smokers | 174 (21.35) | 219 (17.76) | 0.026b | 212 (19.38) | 181 (18.97) | 0.253b | 161 (20.05) | 232 (18.63) | 0.602b |
Never smokers | 462 (56.69) | 699 (56.69) | 634 (57.95) | 527 (55.24) | 456 (56.79) | 705 (56.63) | |||
Former smokers | 179 (21.96) | 315 (25.55) | 248 (22.67) | 246 (25.79) | 186 (23.16) | 308 (24.74) | |||
Hormone therapy N (%) | |||||||||
Yes | 195 (23.93) | 221 (17.92) | 0.001b | 248 (22.67) | 168 (17.61) | 0.004b | 209 (26.03) | 207 (16.63) | < 0.001b |
No | 620 (76.07) | 1012 (82.08) | 846 (77.33) | 786 (82.39) | 594 (73.97) | 1038 (83.37) | |||
Parity, N (%) | |||||||||
1 | 173 (21.23) | 190 (15.41) | < 0.001b | 212 (19.38) | 151 (15.83) | 0.011b | 187 (23.29) | 176 (14.14) | < 0.001b |
2 | 440 (53.99) | 606 (49.15) | 569 (52.01) | 477 (50.00) | 433 (53.92) | 613 (49.24) | |||
3 and more | 202 (24.79) | 437 (35.44) | 313 (28.61) | 326 (34.1734,17) | 183 (22.79) | 456 (36.63) | |||
Breastfeeding status, N (%) | |||||||||
Never breastfed | 79 (8.69) | 121 (9.81) | 0.059b | 102 (9.32) | 98 (10.27) | 0.371b | 80 (9.96) | 120 (9.64) | 0.153 b |
Breastfed 1–6 months | 264 (32.39) | 337 (27.33) | 333 (30.44) | 268 (28.09) | 256 (31.88) | 345 (27.71) | |||
7–12 months | 187 (22.94) | 283 (22.95) | 259 (16.26) | 211 (22.12) | 183 (22.79) | 287 (23.05) | |||
> 12 months | 285 (34.97) | 492 (39.90) | 400 (36.56) | 377 (39.52) | 284 (35.37) | 493 (39.60) |