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Table 1 Characteristics of premenopausal participants included in these analyses (N = 2048)

From: Breastfeeding history and the risk of overweight and obesity in middle-aged women

Variables

BMI

%BF

WHtR

< 25 kg/m2

≥ 25 kg/m2

p

≤ 35%

> 35%

p

< 0.5

≥ 0.5

p

n = 815

n = 1233

n = 1094

n = 954

n = 803

n = 1245

Age, X ± SD

48.98 ± 3.02

50.02 ± 3.22

< 0.001a

49.22 ± 3.08

50.05 ± 3.23

< 0.001a

48.92 (3.02)

50.05 (3.20)

< 0.001a

Years of education, X ± SD

14.68 ± 3.06

13.80 ± 3.15

< 0.001a

14.51 ± 3.11

13.73 ± 3.13

< 0.001a

14.92 (2.97)

13.65 (3.15)

< 0.001a

Place of living, N (%)

 City

517 (63.44)

663 (53.77)

< 0.001b

670 (61.24)

510 (53.46)

< 0.001b

541 (67.37)

639 (51.33)

< 0.001b

 Village

298 (36.56)

570 (46.23)

 

424 (38.76)

444 (46.54)

 

262 (32.63)

606 (48.67)

 

Marital status, N (%)

 Single

159 (19.51)

177 (14.36)

0.002b

197 (18.01)

139 (14.57)

0.036b

151 (18.80)

185 (14.86)

0.019b

 Married

656 (80.49)

1056 (85.64)

 

897 (81.99)

815 (85.43)

 

652 (81.20)

1060 (85.14)

 

Physical activity (MET/min/day−1) X ± SD

 Moderate-to-Vigorous

495.57 ± 499.05

510.56 ± 500.87

0.352a

505.11 ± 503.18

504.00 ± 496.76

0.686a

487.00 ± 484.55

515.94 ± 509.71

0.253a

 Light

253.82 ± 228.54

237.84 ± 228.99

0.050a

253.22 ± 228.92

233.85 ± 228.53

0.020a

257.65 ± 234.57

235.52 ± 224.82

0.019 a

Sitting time (min/day) X ± SD

307.94 ± 139.99

310.84 ± 141.81

0.747a

307.19 ± 140.02

312.55 ± 142.26

0.426a

316.44 ± 141.92

305.33 ± 140.39

0.055a

Fats (servings/day) X ± SD

2.87 ± 1.94

2.76 ± 1.99

0.071a

2.87 ± 1.94

2.73 ± 2.00

0.044a

2.82 ± 1.92

2.79 ± 2.00

0.399 a

Sweets (servings/day) X ± SD

3.62 ± 3.27

3.20 ± 3.01

0.004a

3.54 ± 3.17

3.17 ± 3.05

0.004a

3.37 ± 3.18

3.36 ± 3.08

0.898 a

Whole grains (servings/day) X ± SD

2.01 ± 2.18

1.86 ± 2.01

0.526a

1.93 ± 2.14

1.90 ± 2.01

0.370a

2.12 ± 2.19

1.79 ± 2.00

0.001a

Smoking, N (%)

 Current smokers

174 (21.35)

219 (17.76)

0.026b

212 (19.38)

181 (18.97)

0.253b

161 (20.05)

232 (18.63)

0.602b

 Never smokers

462 (56.69)

699 (56.69)

 

634 (57.95)

527 (55.24)

 

456 (56.79)

705 (56.63)

 

 Former smokers

179 (21.96)

315 (25.55)

 

248 (22.67)

246 (25.79)

 

186 (23.16)

308 (24.74)

 

Hormone therapy N (%)

 Yes

195 (23.93)

221 (17.92)

0.001b

248 (22.67)

168 (17.61)

0.004b

209 (26.03)

207 (16.63)

< 0.001b

 No

620 (76.07)

1012 (82.08)

 

846 (77.33)

786 (82.39)

 

594 (73.97)

1038 (83.37)

 

Parity, N (%)

 1

173 (21.23)

190 (15.41)

< 0.001b

212 (19.38)

151 (15.83)

0.011b

187 (23.29)

176 (14.14)

< 0.001b

 2

440 (53.99)

606 (49.15)

 

569 (52.01)

477 (50.00)

 

433 (53.92)

613 (49.24)

 

 3 and more

202 (24.79)

437 (35.44)

 

313 (28.61)

326 (34.1734,17)

 

183 (22.79)

456 (36.63)

 

Breastfeeding status, N (%)

 Never breastfed

79 (8.69)

121 (9.81)

0.059b

102 (9.32)

98 (10.27)

0.371b

80 (9.96)

120 (9.64)

0.153 b

 Breastfed  1–6 months

264 (32.39)

337 (27.33)

 

333 (30.44)

268 (28.09)

 

256 (31.88)

345 (27.71)

 

 7–12 months

187 (22.94)

283 (22.95)

 

259 (16.26)

211 (22.12)

 

183 (22.79)

287 (23.05)

 

 > 12 months

285 (34.97)

492 (39.90)

 

400 (36.56)

377 (39.52)

 

284 (35.37)

493 (39.60)

 
  1. BMI, body mass index; %BF, body fat percentage; WHtR, waist-to-hight ratio; X, arithmetic mean; SD, standard deviation
  2. aMann-Whitney U test
  3. bChi-square test