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Table 3 Lifestyle and sun exposure related factors associated with serum 25(OH)D concentrations (ng/ml) in Pakistani women

From: Frequency and determinants of vitamin D deficiency among premenopausal and postmenopausal women in Karachi Pakistan

Categories

Vitamin D ≥ 20 n (%)

Vitamin D < 20 n (%)

Crude OR (95% CI)

Adjusted OR (95% CI)

Vigorous exercise

    

 < 3.5 h/week

17 (6.4)

7 (2.0)

0.82(0.29, 2.28)

0.63 (0.21, 1.86)

 > 3.5 h/week

6 (2.3)

10 (2.9)

0.25 (0.07, 0.95)

0.20 (0.05, 0.80)

 No exercise

243 (91.4)

331 (95.1)

Ref

Ref

Moderate exercise

    

 < 3.5 h/wk

32 (12.0)

58 (16.7)

0.59 (0.40, 0.87)

 

 > 3.5 h/wk

54 (20.3)

98 (28.2)

1.00 (0.58, 1.72)

 

 No exercise

180 (67.7)

192 (55.2)

Ref

 

Walking

    

 < 3.5 h/wk

78 (29.3)

88 (25.3)

1.59(1.00, 2.53)

 

 > 3.5 h/wk

46 (17.3)

44 (12.6)

1.18 (0.71, 1.97)

 

 No exercise

142 (53.4)

216 (62.1)

Ref

 

Head covered

    

 Yes

171 (64.3)

271 (78.1)

1.98 (1.39, 2.83)

 

 No

95 (35.7)

76 (21.9)

Ref

 

Face covered

    

 Yes

39 (14.7)

83 (23.9)

1.83 (1.20, 2.79)

 

 No

227 (85.3)

264 (76.1)

Ref

 

Neck covered

    

 Yes

129 (48.5)

208 (59.9)

1.59 (1.15, 2.19)

 

 No

137 (51.5)

139 (40.1)

Ref

 

Full arm covered

    

 Yes

166 (62.4)

255 (73.5)

1.67 (1.18, 2.36)

 

 No

100 (37.6)

92 (26.5)

Ref

 

Half arm covered

    

 Yes

100 (37.6)

88 (25.4)

0.56(0.40,0.80)

 

 No

166 (62.4)

259 (74.6)

Ref

 

Attire outside

    

 *Chadder

70 (26.3)

91 (26.3)

1.44(0.95, 2.19)

 

 **Burqa

92 (34.6)

161 (46.5)

1.94(1.33, 2.83)

 

 Others

104 (39.1)

94 (27.2)

Ref

 

Skin tone

    

 Dark

151 (59.0)

198 (59.1)

1.01(0.72, 1.42)

 

 Wheatish

93 (36.3)

123 (36.7)

0.89 (0.40, 1.98)

 

 Fair

12 (4.7)

14 (4.2)

Ref

 

Season of blood draw

    

 Winter

158 (60.8)

176 (51.3)

1.47 (1.06, 2.04)

1.51 (1.07, 2.15)

 Summer

102 (39.2)

167 (48.7)

Ref

Ref

Sun avoidance behavior

    

 Yes

215 (80.8)

296 (85.3)

1.38 (0.90, 2.11)

 

 No

51 (19.2)

51 (14.7)

Ref

 

Sunlight exposure score (summer)*

26.4(75.6)

32.8 (104.7)

10.01(0.97, 10.06)

 

Sunlight exposure score (winter)*

39.9 (89.6)

49.1 (121.1)

10.02 (9.98, 10.05)

 
  1. OR odds ratio; CI confidence interval
  2. Reference: OR are compared to those women who had VDD
  3. *Covering head, neck, full arms and full legs **Covering head, face, neck, full arms and full legs
  4. Adjusted for education, BMI, parity, skin tone, sunlight exposure, attire outside. Reference: OR are compared to those women who had no vitamin D deficiency
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