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Table 2 Incidence and crude and adjusted risks of ovarian cancer according to age, comorbidity and monthly income for women with PID and those without (controls)

From: Association of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) with ovarian cancer: a nationwide population-based retrospective cohort study from Taiwan

  Ovarian cancer Crude HR (95% CI) Adjusted HR (95% CI)
Event PY IR
Pelvic inflammatory disease 168 613,316 0.27 1.67 (1.36–2.05)*** 1.49 (1.21–1.84)***
Age, years      
 < 20 11 123,291 0.08 1 (reference) 1 (reference)
 20–30 62 559,564 0.11 1.24 (0.65–2.36) 1.16 (0.61–2.22)
 30–40 109 545,092 0.19 2.26 (1.21–4.20)** 1.98 (1.04–3.78)*
 40–50 121 403,108 0.30 3.38 (1.82–6.27)*** 3.01 (1.57–5.75)***
 50–60 42 125,894 0.33 3.71 (1.91–7.21)*** 3.32 (1.66–6.64)***
 ≥ 60 20 57,330 0.34 3.82 (1.83–7.97)*** 3.31 (1.54–7.10)**
Comorbidity      
 Lynch syndrome and colon cancer 4 1200 3.33 16.1 (6.01–43.1)*** 5.47 (1.48–20.1)*
 Breast cancer 4 6104 0.65 3.20 (1.19–8.57)* 1.93 (1.03–5.23)*
 Uterus cancer 5 832 6.00 25.5 (11.8–69.0)*** 13.9 (5.70–34.2)***
 Rectum cancer 3 864 3.47 16.6 (5.33–51.7)*** 3.25 (0.72–14.6)
 Endometriosis 41 54,969 0.74 3.97 (2.87–5.49)*** 2.93 (2.09–4.12)***
 Infertility 25 59,497 0.42 2.15 (1.43–3.23)*** 1.84 (1.21–2.80)**
 Obesity 3 10,516 0.28 1.38 (0.44–4.30) 1.09 (0.35–3.40)
Monthly income (NTD)      
 < 15,000 130 836,290 0.15 1 (reference) 1 (reference)
 15,000–29,999 189 763,730 0.24 1.62 (1.29–2.02)*** 1.13 (0.89–1.43)
 ≥ 30,000 46 214,260 0.21 1.40 (1.00–1.97)* 0.98 (0.69–1.39)
  1. PID pelvic inflammatory disease, HR hazard ratio, PY person-years, IR incidence rate per 1000 person-years, CI confidence interval, NTD New Taiwan dollar
  2. HR adjusted for age, Lynch syndrome and colon cancer, breast cancer, uterus cancer, rectum cancer, endometriosis, infertility, obesity, and monthly income
  3. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, versus the reference group