Table 2 List of variables used in the study with their measurement description
Level | Variables | Measurement |
|---|---|---|
Individual-level | Age | The age of women categorized as 15–19, 20–24, 25–29, 30–34, 35–39, 40–44, 45–49 |
Educational status | Maximum educational level categorized as uneducated, primary, secondary, and above | |
Religion | Respondents religion was categorized as Orthodox, Muslim, protestant, catholic, traditional, and others | |
Partner drink alcohol | Classified as ‘yes’ if partner drinks alcohol and ‘no’ otherwise | |
Witnessing family violence | ‘Yes’ or ‘no’ based on their answer to the question “as far as you know, your father ever hit your mother?” | |
Attitude on IPV | Women were asked questions about whether the husband is justified for hitting his wife for the following woman actions: if she goes out without telling him; neglects their children; argues with him; refuses to have sex with him, and burns the food. If they answer ‘yes’ to either of the above questions they were considered as ‘accept IPV’ and ‘don’t accept IPV’ otherwise | |
Household/relationship level | Number of children | Grouped as no child, 1–3 children, 4–6 children and above |
Household wealth index | Measured based on the number and kind of goods households have and housing characteristics (drinking water, toilet facility, flooring material, and availability of electricity). This was generated using Principal component analysis and classified into quintiles from 1 = very poor to 5 = very rich | |
Decision-making power | Labeled ‘yes’ if a woman was involved in all decisions regarding her own healthcare, major household purchases, and visits to her family or relatives | |
Marital controlling behaviors | a woman asked if her partner demonstrates one of the following controlling behaviors: he is jealous or angry if she talks to other men, frequently accused her of being unfaithful, do not permit her to meet her female friends, tries to limit her contact with her family, and insists to know where she is at all times. She is considered as in controlled condition if she answers yes to either of the above questions and otherwise not | |
Community-level | Community’s IPV acceptance level | Categorized as ‘low’ if the proportion of women who have IPV accepting attitude in the community was between 0–66.7percent and, as’ high’ if the proportion was greater than 66.8% |
Female literacy in the community | Categorized as low if the proportion of women who attended primary or secondary education was 0–36.4% and categorized as high if the proportion was 36.5–100% | |
Place of residence | Urban or rural based on where the woman lives | |
Region | Region of the woman where she is living |