Table 2 Summary of models of health services for VAW by setting

Bangladesh

Bangladesh has a pluralistic unregulated healthcare system, with government, for-profit private sector, not-for-profit private sector (mainly the nongovernmental organizations), and the international development organizations as actors [48]

The Multi-Sectoral Programme on VAW is led by the Ministry of Women and Children’s Affairs and includes coordination for OSCs, one stop cells, and regional trauma centers. The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare is responsible for ensuring health service provision for VAW response services across hospitals and OSCs [33]

Bangladesh has OSC Cells at 47 out of 62 district hospitals and in 20 of the largest sub-district health complexes which provide information on services available for VAW including health care, police assistance, legal advice, psychosocial counseling, rehabilitation activities, and reintegration programmes [33]

Brazil

Universal and free public health care is provided to all Brazilians as a constitutional right within the Unified Health System [49]

Hospitals around the country provide response to sexual violence including medical services and psychosocial counseling [46]. In Brazil, a violence prevention nucleus is responsible for multi-sectoral coordination, training, and surveillance of domestic violence cases at primary health clinics [38]

Since 2017, seven women’s houses have been established across regions of Brazil. There are no centers at local levels [38]. Approximately 60 hospitals around the country with programs respond to sexual violence [46]

Nepal

Health care services in Nepal are provided by both public and private sectors. While universal health coverage policy was launched in 2015, it is yet to be widely implemented [50]

Nepal has a model of hospital-based OSCs, with training and quality control provided by the Government in collaboration and support from Jhpiego (between 2015 and 2020) [35]

In 2020, each of Nepal’s 77 districts reported having an OSC [29]

Rwanda

Rwanda follows a universal health care model, through a community-based health insurance scheme [51]

Rwanda’s OSCs (known locally as Isange, or “to feel at home) are centers located within hospitals [37]

Rwanda has OSCs functional in 21 of its 25 districts staffed by physicians, nurses, social workers, psychiatrists and police [37]

Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka has a universal health care system through public (general) hospitals and free outpatient departments [52]

Within Sri Lanka, a network of centers is usually placed within the outpatient departments of hospitals. The centers are called Mithuru Piyasa (“friendly haven”) established in 2008. Mithuru Piyasa centres are staffed by a medical officer and a nursing officer in outpatient and emergency care settings within hospitals between 8 am and 5 pm. With a shortage of staff, the centres do not provide for 24/7 provision of services [32]

By the end of 2016, 21 out of 26 districts had a district-level hospital with a Mithuru Piyasa [32]