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Table 5 Multivariable logistic regression analyzing the association between the recognition of the most identified risk factors and sociodemographic factors

From: Knowledge of cervical cancer risk factors among Palestinian women: a national cross-sectional study

Characteristic

Having a weakened immune system (n = 5458)

Infection with a sexually transmitted infection (n = 5388)

Infection with HPV (n = 4693)

n (%)

AOR (95% CI)a

p value

n (%)

AOR (95% CI)a

p value

n (%)

AOR (95% CI)a

p value

Age group

18–20

560 (10.3)

Ref

Ref

607 (11.3)

Ref

Ref

574 (12.2)

Ref

Ref

21–40

3355 (61.5)

0.97 (0.77–1.22)

0.81

3329 (61.8)

0.71 (0.56–0.91)

0.006

2878 (61.3)

0.76 (0.61–0.96)

0.018

41 or older

1543 (28.3)

1.16 (0.89–1.51)

0.29

1452 (26.9)

0.74 (0.56–0.97)

0.029

1241 (26.4)

0.81 (0.63–1.04)

0.10

Educational level

Illiterate

78 (1.4)

Ref

Ref

80 (1.5)

Ref

Ref

73 (1.6)

Ref

Ref

Primary

294 (5.4)

1.42 (0.93–2.19)

0.11

265 (4.9)

1.00 (0.66–1.53)

0.99

241 (5.1)

1.08 (0.71–1.63)

0.73

Preparatory

828 (15.2)

2.01 (1.34–3.00)

0.001

801 (14.9)

1.62 (1.09–2.41)

0.018

664 (14.1)

1.22 (0.83–1.80)

0.31

Secondary

1805 (33.1)

2.44 (1.64–3.62)

 < 0.001

1787 (33.2)

1.90 (1.28–2.81)

0.001

1513 (32.2)

1.29 (0.88–1.89)

0.18

Diploma

559 (10.2)

2.08 (1.37–3.17)

0.001

563 (10.4)

1.84 (1.21–2.81)

0.004

511 (10.9)

1.52 (1.01–2.28)

0.043

Bachelor

1777 (32.6)

2.92 (1.94–4.39)

 < 0.001

1778 (33.0)

2.40 (1.60–3.60)

 < 0.001

1589 (33.9)

1.69 (1.14–2.50)

0.009

Postgraduate

117 (2.1)

4.63 (2.48–8.65)

 < 0.001

114 (2.1)

3.64 (1.99–6.66)

 < 0.001

102 (2.2)

2.47 (1.42–4.28)

0.001

Occupation

Housewife

3653 (66.9)

Ref

Ref

3591 (66.6)

Ref

Ref

3043 (64.8)

Ref

Ref

Employed

1122 (20.6)

0.92 (0.78–1.09)

0.35

1083 (20.1)

0.72 (0.61–0.85)

 < 0.001

945 (20.1)

0.80 (0.69–0.93)

0.004

Retired

39 (0.7)

0.38 (0.22–0.65)

 < 0.001

32 (0.6)

0.28 (0.17–0.47)

 < 0.001

34 (0.7)

0.53 (0.32–0.88)

0.014

Student

644 (11.8)

1.09 (0.85–1.40)

0.49

682 (12.7)

0.89 (0.69–1.15)

0.38

671 (14.3)

1.31 (1.03–1.67)

0.027

Monthly income

 < 1450 NIS

1867 (34.2)

Ref

Ref

1851 (34.4)

Ref

Ref

1700 (36.2)

Ref

Ref

 ≥ 1450 NIS

3591 (65.8)

1.22 (1.03–1.44)

0.020

3537 (65.6)

1.19 (1.01–1.40)

0.041

2993 (63.8)

0.97 (0.84–1.13)

0.74

Residency

Gaza Strip

2139 (39.2)

Ref

Ref

2132 (39.6)

Ref

Ref

1977 (42.1)

Ref

Ref

WBJ

3319 (60.8)

0.70 (0.59–0.82)

 < 0.001

3256 (60.4)

0.67 (0.57–0.79)

 < 0.001

2716 (57.9)

0.53 (0.46–0.61)

 < 0.001

Having a chronic disease

No

4358 (79.8)

Ref

Ref

4344 (80.6)

Ref

Ref

3815 (81.3)

Ref

Ref

Yes

1100 (20.2)

1.17 (0.99–1.38)

0.07

1044 (19.4)

1.12 (0.96–1.31)

0.15

878 (18.7)

0.99 (0.86–1.14)

0.88

Knowing someone with cancer

No

2180 (39.9)

Ref

Ref

2206 (40.9)

Ref

Ref

1891 (40.3)

Ref

Ref

Yes

3278 (60.1)

1.41 (1.25–1.58)

 < 0.001

3182 (59.1)

1.15 (1.03–1.29)

0.015

2802 (59.7)

1.23 (1.11–1.37)

 < 0.001

Marital status

Single

1183 (21.7)

Ref

Ref

1229 (22.8)

Ref

Ref

1168 (24.9)

Ref

Ref

Married

4021 (73.7)

1.55 (1.30–1.83)

 < 0.001

3918 (72.7)

1.38 (1.17–1.64)

 < 0.001

3306 (70.4)

1.08 (0.92–1.26)

0.36

Divorced

112 (2.1)

1.18 (0.80–1.74)

0.40

114 (2.1)

1.25 (0.84–1.85)

0.27

102 (2.2)

1.11 (0.77–1.60)

0.59

Widowed

142 (2.6)

1.51 (1.02–2.23)

0.039

127 (2.4)

1.05 (0.73–1.51)

0.79

117 (2.5)

1.06 (0.75–1.50)

0.75

Site of data collection

Public spaces

2015 (36.9)

Ref

Ref

2113 (39.2)

Ref

Ref

1966 (41.9)

Ref

Ref

Hospitals

1423 (26.1)

1.04 (0.89–1.20)

0.64

1362 (25.3)

0.72 (0.62–0.84)

 < 0.001

1216 (25.9)

0.73 (0.64–0.84)

 < 0.001

Primary healthcare centers

2020 (37.0)

1.41 (1.22–1.63)

 < 0.001

1913 (35.5)

0.86 (0.75–0.99)

0.040

1511 (32.2)

0.56 (0.49–0.64)

 < 0.001

Characteristic

Having a relative with cervical cancer (n = 4250)

Long term use of the contraceptive pill (n = 4236)

Smoking any cigarettes at all (n = 4167)

n (%)

AOR (95% CI)a

p value

n (%)

AOR (95% CI)a

p value

n (%)

AOR (95% CI)a

p value

Age group

18–20

418 (9.8)

Ref

Ref

446 (10.5)

Ref

Ref

405 (9.7)

Ref

Ref

21–40

2629 (61.9)

1.05 (0.86–1.29)

0.61

2588 (61.1)

0.96 (0.79–1.17)

0.71

2566 (61.6)

1.02 (0.83–1.24)

0.88

41 or older

1203 (28.3)

1.01 (0.81–1.28)

0.90

1202 (28.4)

1.02 (0.81–1.28)

0.90

1196 (28.7)

0.96 (0.76–1.21)

0.72

Educational level

Illiterate

78 (1.8)

Ref

Ref

77 (1.8)

Ref

Ref

82 (2.0)

Ref

Ref

Primary

264 (6.2)

1.02 (0.67–1.55)

0.93

240 (5.7)

0.89 (0.59–1.34)

0.56

258 (6.2)

0.89 (0.59–1.36)

0.61

Preparatory

685 (16.1)

0.96 (0.65–1.42)

0.85

631 (14.9)

0.91 (0.62–1.34)

0.63

701 (16.8)

0.99 (0.67–1.48)

0.99

Secondary

1387 (32.6)

0.86 (0.58–1.25)

0.42

1346 (31.8)

0.92 (0.63–1.35)

0.67

1371 (32.9)

0.83 (0.56–1.22)

0.34

Diploma

414 (9.7)

0.72 (0.48–1.08)

0.12

428 (10.1)

0.87 (0.58–1.29)

0.49

429 (10.3)

0.79 (0.53–1.19)

0.26

Bachelor

1338 (31.5)

0.88 (0.59–1.30)

0.52

1417 (33.5)

1.13 (0.76–1.66)

0.55

1245 (29.9)

0.78 (0.52–1.16)

0.22

Postgraduate

84 (2.0)

0.91 (0.54–1.55)

0.74

97 (2.3)

1.56 (0.91–2.66)

0.11

81 (1.9)

0.94 (0.55–1.58)

0.81

Occupation

Housewife

2900 (68.2)

Ref

Ref

2776 (65.5)

Ref

Ref

2884 (69.2)

Ref

Ref

Employed

854 (20.1)

0.91 (0.79–1.05)

0.21

907 (21.4)

1.01 (0.88–1.17)

0.85

796 (19.1)

0.93 (0.80–1.07)

0.29

Retired

29 (0.7)

0.63 (0.38–1.06)

0.08

33 (0.8)

0.66 (0.40–1.10)

0.11

33 (0.8)

0.79 (0.47–1.31)

0.35

Student

467 (11.0)

0.88 (0.71–1.09)

0.23

520 (12.3)

1.08 (0.87–1.34)

0.47

454 (10.9)

1.08 (0.88–1.34)

0.46

Monthly income

 < 1450 NIS

1394 (32.8)

Ref

Ref

1413 (33.4)

Ref

Ref

1476 (35.4)

Ref

Ref

 ≥ 1450 NIS

2856 (67.2)

1.13 (0.98–1.30)

0.09

2823 (66.6)

1.13 (0.98–1.30)

0.09

2691 (64.6)

0.93 (0.81–1.08)

0.34

Residency

Gaza Strip

1538 (36.2)

Ref

Ref

1620 (38.2)

Ref

Ref

1600 (38.4)

Ref

Ref

WBJ

2712 (63.8)

1.19 (1.04–1.36)

0.011

2616 (61.8)

0.85 (0.74–0.98)

0.021

2567 (61.6)

1.04 (0.91–1.19)

0.59

Having a chronic disease

No

3408 (80.2)

Ref

Ref

3367 (79.5)

Ref

Ref

3314 (79.5)

Ref

Ref

Yes

842 (19.8)

0.91 (0.79–1.04)

0.18

869 (20.5)

1.14 (0.99–1.30)

0.07

853 (20.5)

0.98 (0.86–1.13)

0.81

Knowing someone with cancer

No

1671 (39.3)

Ref

Ref

1666 (39.3)

Ref

Ref

1684 (40.4)

Ref

Ref

Yes

2579 (60.7)

1.33 (1.20–1.47)

 < 0.001

2570 (60.7)

1.28 (1.16–1.42)

 < 0.001

2483 (59.6)

1.21 (1.10–1.34)

 < 0.001

Marital status

Single

895 (21.1)

Ref

Ref

954 (22.5)

Ref

Ref

829 (19.9)

Ref

Ref

Married

3165 (74.5)

1.22 (1.05–1.42)

0.009

3073 (72.5)

1.26 (1.08–1.46)

0.003

3121 (74.9)

1.41 (1.21–1.63)

 < 0.001

Divorced

80 (1.9)

0.88 (0.62–1.24)

0.45

96 (2.3)

1.33 (0.94–1.90)

0.11

90 (2.2)

1.37 (0.97–1.94)

0.07

Widowed

110 (2.6)

1.06 (0.76–1.49)

0.72

113 (2.7)

1.19 (0.85–1.67)

0.31

127 (3.0)

1.81 (1.28–2.57)

0.001

Site of data collection

Public spaces

1531 (36.0)

Ref

Ref

1666 (39.3)

Ref

Ref

1432 (34.4)

Ref

Ref

Hospitals

1050 (24.7)

0.87 (0.77–0.99)

0.037

1091 (25.8)

0.85 (0.75–0.97)

0.016

1095 (26.3)

1.11 (0.98–1.26)

0.10

Primary healthcare centers

1669 (39.3)

1.52 (1.34–1.72)

 < 0.001

1479 (34.9)

0.92 (0.82–1.04)

0.18

1640 (39.4)

1.58 (1.40–1.79)

 < 0.001

  1. n, number of participants; AOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; WBJ, West Bank and Jerusalem; HPV, human papillomavirus
  2. aAdjusted for age-group, educational level, occupation, monthly income, marital status, residency, having a chronic disease, knowing someone with cancer, and site of data collection
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