Table 1 Characteristics of study participants by mammographic breast density among women in Karachi, Pakistan (n = 477)

Age groups (years)

 < 0.001

 < 35

7 (3.9)

12 (6.1)

13 (12.9)

35–45

30 (16.9)

69 (34.8)

46 (45.5)

46–54

57 (32.0)

51 (25.8)

29 (28.7)

55 and above

84 (47.2)

66 (33.3)

13 (12.9)

Education

0.023

 < Grade8

33 (18.6)

31 (15.7)

13 (12.9)

Grades 8–12

65 (36.7)

54 (27.4)

24 (23.8)

 > Grade12

79 (44.6)

112 (56.9)

64 (63.4)

Socioeconomic Status SES

0.866

Upper

43 (25.6)

48 (25.3)

20 (20.0)

Middle

114 (67.9)

129 (67.9)

73 (73.0)

Lower

11 (6.5)

13 (6.8)

7 (7.0)

Parity

0.004

Nullipara

21 (12.5)

18 (9.5)

21 (21.0)

1–3

78 (46.4)

112 (58.9)

55 (55.0)

 > 3

69 (41.1)

60 (31.6)

24 (24.0)

Age of mother at first live birth (AFB)

0.060

 < 20 years

39 (25.8)

29 (16.2)

11 (13.9)

20–29 years

98 (64.9)

126 (70.4)

54 (68.4)

 > 30 years

14 (9.3)

24 (13.4)

14 (17.7)

Breastfeeding duration

0.910

 < 12 months

26 (19.3)

35 (21.2)

15 (19.7)

 > 12 months

109 (80.7)

130 (78.8)

61 (80.3)

Age at menarche (years)

0.487

 < 12 years

26 (16.3)

22 (12.2)

12 (12.6)

12–13 years

95 (59.4)

105 (58.0)

51 (53.7)

 > 14 years

39 (24.4)

54 (29.8)

32 (33.7)

History of any comorbid

0.01

Yes

102 (57.3)

95 (48.0)

39 (38.6)

No

76 (42.7)

103 (52.0)

62 (61.4)

History of benign breast disease

0.001

Yes

33 (19.9)

61 (32.6)

46 (46.5)

No

133 (80.1)

126 (67.4)

53 (53.5)

Family history of breast cancer

 < 0–001

Yes

48 (28.6)

77 (40.7)

32 (32.0)

No

120 (71.4)

112 (59.3)

68 (68.0)

Menopausal status

 < 0.001

Menopause

125 (74.4)

102 (54.3)

40 (40.4)

Premenopause

43 (25.6)

86 (45.7)

59 (59.6)

Serum vitamin D level (ng/ml)

0.761

 < 20

78 (57.4)

82 (54.7)

47 (54.7)

20–30

21 (15.4)

30 (20.0)

19 (22.1)

 > 30

37 (27.2)

38 (25.3)

20 (23.3)

Mean BMI (SD)

Menopausal women

30.4 (4.8)

28.4 (4.9)

25.4 (4.2)

 < 0.001

Premenopausal women

27.9 (5.0)

28.2 (4.7)

25.0 (3.8))

 < 0.001