|
Survey year
|
2004
|
2006
|
2009
|
2011
|
F/χ²
|
P
|
|---|
|
Social demographics
|
|
Age (years)
|
|
Mean ± SD
|
32.8 ± 7.3
|
34.3 ± 7.6
|
34.6 ± 7.4
|
35.6 ± 7.0
|
145.46
|
< 0.001
|
|
15–34
|
880 (50.7%)
|
846 (43.8%)
|
677 (40.2%)
|
469 (36.1%)
|
73.41
|
< 0.001
|
|
35–44
|
855 (49.3%)
|
1087 (56.2%)
|
1008 (59.8%)
|
831 (63.9%)
| | |
|
Residence location
|
|
Urban
|
587 (33.8%)
|
659 (34.1%)
|
558 (33.1%)
|
433 (33.3%)
|
0.48
|
0.924
|
|
Rural
|
1148 (66.2%)
|
1274 (65.9%)
|
1127 (66.9%)
|
867 (66.7%)
| | |
|
Education level
|
|
Non/primary school
|
508 (29.5%)
|
505 (26.4%)
|
465 (28.2%)
|
346 (26.9%)
|
81.10
|
< 0.001
|
|
Junior school
|
778 (45.2%)
|
856 (44.7%)
|
718 (43.5%)
|
552 (42.9%)
| | |
|
Senior school
|
364 (21.2%)
|
430 (22.5%)
|
335 (20.3%)
|
233 (18.1%)
| | |
|
College and above
|
70 (4.1%)
|
122 (6.4%)
|
131 (7.9%)
|
156 (12.1%)
| | |
|
Income
|
|
Low
|
898 (52.5%)
|
929 (48.9%)
|
497 (30.1%)
|
321 (25.3%)
|
493.08
|
< 0.001
|
|
Medium
|
589 (34.4%)
|
663 (34.9%)
|
664 (40.2%)
|
463 (36.4%)
| | |
|
High
|
224 (13.1%)
|
306 (16.1%)
|
489 (29.6%)
|
487 (38.3%)
| | |
|
Currently smoking
|
|
Yes
|
27 (1.6%)
|
20 (1.0%)
|
16 (0.9%)
|
11 (0.8%)
|
4.48
|
0.216
|
|
No
|
1708 (98.4%)
|
1913 (99.0%)
|
1669 (99.1%)
|
1289 (99.2%)
| | |
|
Alcohol drinking
|
|
Yes
|
142 (8.4%)
|
154 (8.1%)
|
154 (9.4%)
|
132 (10.3%)
|
5.38
|
0.146
|
|
No
|
1542 (91.6%)
|
1739 (91.9%)
|
1481 (90.6%)
|
1150 (89.7%)
| | |
|
Nutrients intake
|
|
Carbohydrate (g)
|
305.0 ± 100.3
|
291.8 ± 106.1
|
271.9 ± 91.3
|
254.5 ± 95.9
|
235.46
|
< 0.001
|
|
Carbohydrate (%E)
|
|
= AMDR
|
789 (46.2%)
|
867 (46.3%)
|
812 (49.9%)
|
595 (47.0%)
|
164.97
|
< 0.001
|
|
< AMDR
|
343 (20.1%)
|
467 (24.9%)
|
474 (29.1%)
|
445 (35.2%)
| | |
|
> AMDR
|
577 (33.8%)
|
538 (28.7%)
|
341 (21%)
|
225 (17.8%)
| | |
|
Fat (g)
|
65.0 ± 35.8
|
66.5 ± 35.2
|
70.0 ± 45.4
|
68.0 ± 37.5
|
5.02
|
0.002
|
|
Fat (%E)
|
|
= AMDR
|
590 (34.5%)
|
562 (30.0%)
|
503 (30.9%)
|
367 (29.0%)
|
107.33
|
< 0.001
|
|
< AMDR
|
417 (24.4%)
|
413 (22.1%)
|
253 (15.6%)
|
185 (14.6%)
| | |
|
> AMDR
|
702 (41.1%)
|
897 (47.9%)
|
871 (53.5%)
|
713 (56.4%)
| | |
|
Protein (g)
|
63.8 ± 25.1
|
61.8 ± 20.7
|
62.3 ± 20.3
|
61.5 ± 21.3
|
7.39
|
0.061
|
|
Protein (%E)
|
|
= AMDR
|
1155 (67.6%)
|
1289 (68.9%)
|
1084 (66.6%)
|
811 (64.1%)
|
102.78
|
< 0.001
|
|
< AMDR
|
307 (18.0%)
|
311 (16.6%)
|
213 (13.1%)
|
134 (10.6%)
| | |
|
> AMDR
|
247 (14.5%)
|
272 (14.5%)
|
330 (20.3%)
|
320 (25.3%)
| | |
|
Daily behaviors
|
|
LTPA
|
|
Yes
|
172 (9.9%)
|
188 (9.7%)
|
199 (11.8%)
|
128 (9.8%)
|
5.40
|
0.145
|
|
No
|
1563 (90.1%)
|
1745 (90.3%)
|
1486 (88.2%)
|
1172 (90.2%)
| | |
|
Sedentary time (h/day)
|
|
Mean ± SD
|
2.8 ± 2.0
|
2.8 ± 1.9
|
3.1 ± 2.3
|
3.3 ± 2.2
|
69.96
|
< 0.001
|
|
< 2 h
|
635 (36.9%)
|
636 (33.2%)
|
454 (27.6%)
|
316 (24.6%)
|
66.01
|
< 0.001
|
|
≥ 2 h
|
1087 (63.1%)
|
1282 (66.8%)
|
1193 (72.4%)
|
971 (75.4%)
| | |
|
Sleep duration (h/day)
|
|
Mean ± SD
|
8.3 ± 1.1
|
8.2 ± 1.0
|
8.1 ± 1.0
|
8.0 ± 1.0
|
57.39
|
< 0.001
|
|
≥ 8 h
|
1397 (83.0%)
|
1517 (80.9%)
|
1277 (78.6%)
|
977 (75.2%)
|
23.94
|
< 0.001
|
|
< 8 h
|
286 (17.0%)
|
357 (19.1%)
|
347 (21.4%)
|
305 (23.5%)
| | |
|
Central obesity indices
|
|
WC (cm)
|
|
Mean ± SD
|
75.9 ± 8.8
|
76.3 ± 8.8
|
77.2 ± 9.4
|
78.4 ± 9.6
|
60.11
|
< 0.001
|
|
Normal
|
1360 (78.4%)
|
1502 (77.7%)
|
1264 (75.0%)
|
901 (69.3%)
|
40.10
|
< 0.001
|
|
High
|
375 (21.6%)
|
431 (22.3%)
|
421 (25.0%)
|
399 (30.7%)
| | |
|
WHtR
|
|
Mean ± SD
|
0.5 ± 0.1
|
0.5 ± 0.1
|
0.5 ± 0.1
|
0.5 ± 0.1
|
46.28
|
< 0.001
|
|
Normal
|
1339 (77.2%)
|
1492 (77.2%)
|
1247 (74.0%)
|
876 (67.4%)
|
48.69
|
< 0.001
|
|
High
|
396 (22.8%)
|
441 (22.8%)
|
438 (26.0%)
|
424 (32.6%)
| | |
- Data given as mean ± SD (standard deviation) or number (percent)
- %E the percentage of energy intake from carbohydrate, fat, protein respectively, AMDR acceptable macronutrient distribution range, LTPA leisure time physical activity, WC waist circumference, WHtR waist to height ratio
