Table 1 The features of the participants based on parity

Age (mean ± SD), years

55.40 ± 5.28 (45–65)

56.29 ± 5.68 (45–65)

57.44 ± 5.46 (47–65)

Race (%)

 Non-Hispanic white

77.94

66.57

51.02

 Non-Hispanic black

9.47

11.94

16.48

 Mexican American

2.83

9.80

24.77

 Other race

9.76

11.70

7.73

Education level (%)

 Less than high school

13.08

18.30

37.54

 High school

28.67

28.30

33.78

 More than high school

58.25

53.40

28.68

Family PIR (%)

 < 1.3 

11.20 

17.57 

43.60 

 1.3 –3.5 

24.25 

33.99 

32.89 

 ≥ 3.5 

59.59 

41.86 

18.99

 Not recorded

4.96

6.58

4.52

BMI (mean ± SD), kg/m²

27.58 ± 6.00 (15.44–50.82)

29.27 ± 6.33 (15.83–53.89)

30.49 ± 6.25 (17.93–41.56)

Total calcium (mean ± SD), mmol/L

2.38 ± 0.09 (2.125–2.850)

2.38 ± 0.09 (2.175–2.825)

2.40 ± 0.08 (2.100-2.675)

Serum phosphorus (mean ± SD), mmol/L

1.27 ± 0.16 (0.807–1.841)

1.27 ± 0.17 (0.807–2.163)

1.27 ± 0.12 (0.969–1.679)

Age at menarche (mean ± SD), years

12.71 ± 1.72 (8–19)

12.95 ± 1.55 (8–19)

12.61 ± 1.75 (6–18)

Years since menopause (mean ± SD), years

9.69 ± 7.83 (1–45)

11.27 ± 8.90 (1–42)

9.32 ± 6.96 (1–30)

Smoking behavior (%)

 Current

19.20

20.30

27.71

 Former

28.14

24.23

16.62

 Never

52.66

55.46

55.67

Alcohol consumption (%)

 Non-drinker

17.60

27.95

41.64

 Moderate drinker

47.36

45.55

48.17

 Heavy drinker

35.04

26.50

10.19

PA (%)

 Non-active

35.37

42.77

40.28

 Active

64.63

57.23

59.72

HRT (%)

 Currently using

12.44

7.16

1.05

 Previously used

32.16

35.92

15.32

 Never used

55.40

56.92

83.63

Ever treated for osteoporosis (%)

9.39

7.44

1.04

Drug use (%)

9.27

7.28

4.71

Diabetes (%)

8.05

11.67

17.92

Arthritis (%)

34.43

42.13

45.07

Emphysema (%)

1.15

1.64

1.55

Chronic bronchitis (%)

5.55

8.56

13.25

Liver disease (%)

3.89

3.23

0.00

Kidney disease (%)

2.29

1.99

2.84

Thyroid disease (%)

19.61

19.58

14.40