Table 5 Details of pelvic floor muscle training regimens

Mechanism 1. Enhanced PFM strength

Bø (2003)

3

3 sets of 8–12 per day^a

1

6 mo

X

X

X

X

Meet wkly for intensive group

Burns et al. (1993)

4 sets of 20 (10 quick + 10 sustained), then ↑ 10 per set to 200

1

25–35

X

8 wk^b

X

X

X

Biofeedback (1 of 2 groups)

Call and exercise reminder cards

Dinc et al. (2009)

2–3

3 sets of 10–15

X

12–28 wk

X

X

Dougherty et al. (1993)

3/wk

15–45

X

16 wk

X

X

Audio recording

Call and written records wkly

Hahn et al. (1993)

6–8

Maximal, during jumping and coughing

1 × 4–5 wks then monthly for measures

1–18 mo (mean 4.7 ± 0.2)

X

X

Hung et al. (2012)

 ≥ 3

6 high-intensity (hold 10 s and rest 10 s)

4 mo

X

X

Kim et al. (2007)

 ≥ 2 for follow up

2–3 sets

30 for follow up

2 then monthly^c

20^a

60

12 wk^d

X

X

X

X

Fitness exercises

Nystrom et al. (2018)

3

6 basic + 6 advance

X

3 mo

X

X

App-based + Knack

Segal et al. (2016)

2

1–7

1/two wks

3

X

16 wk

X

X

FemiScan trainer device

Sun et al. (2018)

3

10 slow + 3–4 fast^a

20

2

20

6–8 wk

X

X

X

Biofeedback + electrical stimulation^e

Theofrastous et al. (2002)

2

5 quick + 10–20 sustained

1 × 4 wks

30

X

12 wk

X

X

X

Biofeedback

Mechanism 2. Maximized awareness of timing

Cammu et al. (2000)^f

As frequently as possible + Knack

2

20

30

X

10 wk

X

X

X

Junginger et al. (2014)

Engage precontraction into daily life

Median 2 (1–6) for study period

?^g

15–90 (total 60–240)

4–6 wk^h

X

X

X

Perineal ultrasound